Sukar Bayan Mulkin Mallaka a Nazarin Ilimin Dan Adam
Pengantar
Ilimin ɗan adam, a matsayin fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa wanda ke nazarin mutane da al'adunsu, ba za a iya raba shi da tarihin mulkin mallaka ba. A matsayin fannin ilimi, ilimin ɗan adam ya bayyana kuma ya bunƙasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka, lokacin da ƙasashen Turai suka mamaye yankuna daban-daban na duniya. Wannan yanayi ya gabatar da abubuwa masu rikitarwa kuma galibi suna da matsala. Sukar bayan mulkin mallaka a cikin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tana neman warwarewa da yin suka kan yadda gadon mulkin mallaka ke ci gaba da yin tasiri ga hanyoyi, ka'idoji, da manufofin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam har zuwa yau.
Bayani da Ma'anar Mulkin Mallaka
Domin fahimtar sukar da aka yi bayan mulkin mallaka a fannin ilmin ɗan adam, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci tarihin mulkin mallaka da kansa. Mulkin mallaka wata manufa ce ko aiki da ta shafi mamaye wata ƙasa da wata, yawanci don manufar cin zarafin tattalin arziki da mamaye siyasa. A ƙarni na 18 da 19, masana ilimin ɗan adam sau da yawa suna aiki a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka, ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice, wanda galibi ke tallafawa tsarin ikon mulkin mallaka.
Akwai manyan ma'anoni guda biyu na wannan: Na farko, sau da yawa ana gudanar da tsarin tattara bayanai da gina ka'idoji a ƙarƙashin ɗaukar cewa Turai ce ta fi ƙarfin al'adu. Na biyu, ilimin ɗan adam a wancan lokacin galibi ana gudanar da shi ne da manufofi waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kamar zana taswirar ƙabilu da al'adun gida.
Sharhi Bayan Mulkin Mallaka: Rage Gine-gine da Matsalar Mulki
Hanyoyin bayan mulkin mallaka sun mayar da hankali kan sake gina labaran da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar su masu iko da gaskiya. A cikin mahallin ilimin ɗan adam, wannan sharhi yana neman bincika yadda wannan kimiyya ta ginu akan wasu zato waɗanda ke amfanar da muradun mulkin mallaka.
1. Ƙarfin kai da Zato
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan sukar da ake yi ya shafi yadda ilimin ɗan adam ke mayar da wasu al'adu a matsayin 'baƙo' kuma sun bambanta da al'adun Yamma. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi yin amfani da ra'ayi na daban, rage sarkakiyar al'adu zuwa wani abu da masu sauraron Yamma za su iya fahimta cikin sauƙi. Aikin masana kimiyyar ɗan adam kamar Edward Said a cikin aikinsa na "Orientalism" ya nuna yadda wakilcin Yamma na al'adun Gabas galibi ke cike da ra'ayoyi da son zuciya.
2. Matsayin Maudu'i da Ma'anar Kimiyya
Sukar da aka yi bayan mulkin mallaka ta kuma ƙalubalanci da'awar cewa akwai sahihanci a binciken ilimin ɗan adam. Matsayin masanin kimiyyar ɗan adam a matsayin 'mai lura da tsaka-tsaki' sau da yawa ana tambayarsa saboda waɗanda aka yi nazarin mutane ne waɗanda ke fuskantar mawuyacin yanayi na iko. Dangane da wannan, masanin kimiyyar ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka Vine Deloria Jr. ya soki ilimin ɗan adam a matsayin kayan aiki don ci gaba da mamaye al'adun mulkin mallaka da siyasa ta hanyar ɓoye iko a bayan wani tsari na ilimi mai 'ma'ana'.
3. Hukuma da Muryar Subaltern
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da masu ra'ayin bayan mulkin mallaka kamar Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak ke damuwa da su shine mahimmancin ba da murya ga ƙungiyoyin da aka ware ko kuma waɗanda ba su da alhaki. A cikin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam, wannan yana nufin ba da sarari ga ra'ayoyi da hangen nesa na waɗanda ake nazari a kansu, waɗanda galibi ana yin watsi da su ko kuma ana danne muryoyinsu ta hanyar labarai masu rinjaye. Spivak ya yi tambaya mai ratsa zuciya, "Shin Subaltern Zai Iya Magana?" - yana nuna yadda yake da wahala a ji muryoyi daga gefen a cikin muhawarar ilimi da ra'ayoyin Yamma suka mamaye.
Sabuwar Hanya: Kimiyyar Dan Adam Mai Muhimmanci
Dangane da waɗannan suka bayan mulkin mallaka, an sami sabbin hanyoyi daban-daban a fannin ilimin ɗan adam waɗanda ke neman yin suka da kuma yin tunani sosai. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da:
1. Ilimin Halittar Dan Adam Mai Tunani
Tsarin tunani mai zurfi yana buƙatar masana ilimin ɗan adam su san kuma su soki matsayinsu a cikin binciken. Wannan ya haɗa da la'akari da yadda asalinsu, asalinsu, da son zuciya suke tasiri ga tsarin bincike da kuma fassarar sakamakon.
2. Shiga Cikin Al'umma Mai Aiki a Bincike
Shiga cikin al'ummar bincike a kowane mataki na binciken ƙoƙari ne na rage rashin daidaiton iko. Wannan hanyar ta fahimci cewa al'umma tana da ilimin gida wanda yake da mahimmanci kuma mai inganci a cikin tsarin bincike.
3. Rubuce-rubucen Adabi da Muryoyi da Yawa
A rubuce-rubucen ilimin al'adu, wasu masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam sun fara amfani da labarai daban-daban don wakiltar sarkakiyar al'adu da kuma ra'ayoyi daban-daban da ke akwai. Wannan yana da nufin gabatar da ƙarin muryoyi na gaske daga al'ummomin da ake nazari a kansu.
Nazarin Shari'a da Aiwatarwa
Akwai misalai da dama na yadda aka yi amfani da sukar bayan mulkin mallaka a cikin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam na zamani. Misali ɗaya shine nazarin juriyar al'adu a cikin mahallin zaluncin mulkin mallaka da na bayan mulkin mallaka. Misali, nazarin al'adun Afro-Caribbean, ya nuna yadda al'adun da aka ɗauka a matsayin "marasa iyaka" za su iya zama tushen ƙarfi da asali a fuskar mulkin mallaka.
Masana ilimin ɗan adam na Indiya, kamar Arjun Appadurai, sun kuma yi muhimmin aiki da ke bayyana yadda duniya ke shafar asalin al'adu da al'ummomin gida . Mayar da hankali kan "yanayin kwararar ruwa" ya nuna cewa al'adu ba ta tsaya cak ba ce kuma ba ta da tabbas, amma tana da ƙarfi kuma tana ci gaba da aiwatar da sake fasalinta.
Kammalawa
Sukar da aka yi bayan mulkin mallaka a cikin nazarin ilimin ɗan adam ba wai kawai wani aiki ne na ilimi don fahimtar da kuma yin suka ga gadon mulkin mallaka ba, har ma da aikin ɗabi'a don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da suka fi haɗaka da adalci da kuma ka'idoji. Ta hanyar ƙalubalantar labaran da suka mamaye da kuma buɗe sarari ga muryoyin da aka ware, ilimin ɗan adam yana da damar zama mafi dacewa da amfani wajen fahimtar sarkakiyar ɗan adam da al'ummominmu.
A yayin fuskantar ƙalubalen duniya na zamani kamar ƙaura, sauyin yanayi, da rikicin al'adu, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ilimin ɗan adam ya ci gaba da daidaitawa da koyo daga sukar da aka yi bayan mulkin mallaka. Ta hanyar magance matsalolin gado na baya ne kawai ilimin ɗan adam zai iya fatan zama kayan aiki mafi kyau da inganci wajen fahimtar duniyarmu mai rikitarwa da bambancin ra'ayi.
