Ma'ana a Harshe da Al'adu
Ma'ana tana cikin zuciyar harshe. Idan wani ya yi magana, ya rubuta, ko ma kawai ya nuna alama ga wani abu ta hanyar nuna alama, abin da ke faruwa a zahiri ba kawai musayar sauti ko jerin kalmomi ba ne, amma musayar ma'ana ce. Duk da haka, ma'ana ba ta tsayawa ita kaɗai ba. Kullum tana da alaƙa da mahallin, gogewa, dabi'u, da al'adun al'umma. Saboda haka, fahimtar ma'ana a cikin harshe ba za a iya raba shi da al'adun da ke kewaye da shi ba. Harshe "jirgin ruwa" ne da ke adana ra'ayoyin al'umma, yayin da al'ada ke aiki a matsayin "taswira" wanda ke jagorantar yadda ake amfani da wannan harshe da fassara shi.
Ma'ana a matsayin ra'ayi mai ƙarfi
A cikin nazarin harsuna , ana fahimtar ma'ana a matsayin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsari (kalma/jumla) da ra'ayinsa ko kuma abin da aka ambata. Duk da haka, a cikin aikin sadarwa na yau da kullun, ma'ana ta fi ƙarfin ma'anar ƙamus. Kalma ɗaya na iya samun bambance-bambance daban-daban, ya danganta da wanda ya faɗa mata, ga wa, lokacin, inda, da kuma dalilin da ya sa take. A gaskiya ma, sautuka da zaɓin kalmomi na iya canza saƙon sosai.
Misali, kalmar "baik" a cikin Indonesiya na iya nufin "mai kyau," "lafiya," "yarda," ko kuma kawai don rufe tattaunawa. "baik" mai faɗi na iya nufin "Na fahimta" ko "Ba na son jan hankalinsa." Akasin haka, "baik!" mai faɗi na iya nufin yarda da sha'awa. Wannan yana nuna cewa ma'anar ba wai kawai sakamakon ƙa'idodin nahawu ba ne amma kuma sakamakon fassarar zamantakewa.
Ma'anar kalma da ma'anarta a cikin harshe
Ma'ana tana da layuka. Manyan layukan da aka fi tattaunawa a kansu sune siffofi da ma'anoni. Ma'ana ita ce ma'anar asali, wacce aka fi sani da manufa - ma'anar da aka saba rubutawa a cikin ƙamus. Ma'anar, a gefe guda, ita ce ƙarin ma'anar da ke tasowa daga alaƙa, ji, da gogewar al'adu.
Misali, a ɗauki kalmar "gida." A zahiri, gida gini ne na zama. Duk da haka, a ma'ana, yana iya nufin "ɗumi," "iyali," "tsaro," ko "asalin." A wasu al'adu, "komawa gida" ba wai kawai yana nufin komawa gidan mutum ba, har ma da komawa ga asalin mutum, wajibai, da alaƙar zamantakewa. Wannan ɓangaren ma'anar sau da yawa yana ciyar da adabi mai wadata, talla, da tattaunawa ta jama'a, amma kuma yana taimakawa wajen rashin fahimta lokacin da mutane daga asali daban-daban na al'adu ke fassara kalmar iri ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Yanayin zamantakewa: me yasa ma'anar sau da yawa "ba ta zahiri ba ce"
A fannin sadarwa, ba a bayyana ma'ana kai tsaye ba. Al'ada tana ƙayyade yawan lokacin da mutane ke dogara da ma'anoni na ɓoye. A cikin al'ummomin da ke jaddada ladabi da jituwa, mutane suna zaɓar magana kai tsaye don guje wa jayayya. Kalmomin da ake faɗa na iya yin kama da masu sauƙi, amma ainihin ma'anar tana bayan alamun.
Misali, idan wani ya ce, "Zan yi tunani a kai," wannan kalmar na iya nufin za su yi la'akari da ita da gaske, amma a wasu yanayi, tana iya nufin ƙin yarda da ita a hankali. Hakazalika, kalmar "Babu buƙata," na iya nufin ba dole ba ne kwata-kwata, ko kuma yana iya nufin "ba laifi ba ne idan har yanzu kuna bayarwa," ya danganta da yanayin da al'adun gargajiya. Saboda haka, fahimtar harshe yana buƙatar kulawa ga ƙa'idodin hulɗar zamantakewa.
Ma'anar al'adu da ƙima : ra'ayoyi waɗanda ba koyaushe suke daidai ba
Al'ada tana tsara muhimman rukunoni a cikin tunanin ɗan adam. Ba dukkan ra'ayoyi ne ke da daidai da juna a kowace harshe ba. Wasu kalmomi suna kama da masu sauƙi, amma suna ɗauke da muhimman kayan al'adu. Misali, ra'ayin "malu" a cikin Indonesiya galibi ana danganta shi da al'adun zamantakewa , yanke hukunci ga wasu, da kuma girmama kai. A amfani da shi na yau da kullun, "malu" na iya nufin rashin kunya, rashin jin daɗi, ƙarancin girman kai, ko kiyaye mutunci.
Hakazalika, kalmar "lafiya" ba wai kawai tana nufin ɗabi'ar wayewa ba, har ma da salon magana, zaɓin adireshi, salon sutura, da kuma girmama matsayi na zamantakewa. Idan kalma tana da mahimmancin al'adu, ma'anarta ta fi kawai ma'ana - ta zama jagora ga hali. Wannan yana bayyana dalilin da ya sa fassarorin harsuna daban-daban galibi ke buƙatar dogon bayani, domin abin da ake canjawa ba kawai kalmar ba ce, amma duniyar ma'ana ce da ke bayanta.
Tsarin gaisuwa da matsayi: ma'ana a cikin zaɓin kalmomi
Wani yanki da dangantakar da ke tsakanin harshe da al'ada ke bayyana a sarari shine tsarin adireshi. A cikin Indonesiya, mutane suna zaɓar "kai," "kai," "sir/ibu," "mas/mbak," "kak/adik," ko kuma suna amfani da lakabi kamar "Pak Dokter" ko "Bu Guru." Waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ba wai kawai nahawu ba ne; suna nuna alaƙar zamantakewa: shekaru, matsayi, kusanci, girmamawa, da yanayi na yau da kullun ko na yau da kullun.
Al'adun da ke jaddada girmama tsofaffi ko waɗanda ke da matsayi mai girma suna da nau'ikan gaisuwa iri-iri. Ma'anonin zamantakewarsu suna da ƙarfi: zaɓar gaisuwar da ba daidai ba ana iya ɗaukarta a matsayin rashin kunya, sananne sosai, ko kuma nesa sosai. Saboda haka, fahimtar ma'anonin harshe kuma yana nufin fahimtar "ƙa'idodin da ba a rubuta ba" na al'ada.
Karin magana, misalai, da alamomin al'adu
Sau da yawa ana amfani da ma'anar al'adu a cikin karin magana, karin magana, da kuma misalai. Kalmar "mafi girma fiye da ƙugiya" ba wai kawai tana nuna ra'ayin kashe kuɗi fiye da kuɗin shiga ba, har ma tana nufin ra'ayin al'adu game da rayuwa mai rahusa da kuma fahimtar salon rayuwa. Kalmomin kamar "scapegoat" ko "talkie" suna ɗauke da hotuna na alama waɗanda ake rabawa a cikin al'umma.
Karin Magana kuma yana bayyana yadda al'ada ke fahimtar duniya. Misali, harsuna da yawa suna amfani da karin Magana ta sarari don bayyana lokaci (gaba-baya, dogon-gajere), ko karin Magana ta ɗanɗana don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na motsin rai (mai ɗaci-zaƙi). Waɗannan karin Magana suna kama da na halitta ga masu magana da harshen asali saboda suna cikin hanyar tunaninsu ta yau da kullun. Duk da haka, ga waɗanda ba sa nan, karin Magana na iya zama masu rikitarwa idan aka ɗauke su a zahiri.
Canza ma'anoni: tasirin lokaci da fasaha
Ma'ana ba ta tsayawa tsayin daka ba; tana canzawa tare da ci gaban zamantakewa. Kalmomin da a da suke tsaka-tsaki a da na iya zama masu saurin fahimta, haka nan kuma akasin haka. Ci gaban fasaha kuma yana haifar da sabbin ma'anoni. Kalmomin "asusu," "loda," "labari," "viral," ko "gas" a cikin yaren dijital suna nuna yadda harshe ke daidaitawa da buƙatun sadarwa ta zamani.
Canje-canje a ma'ana kuma suna bayyana a canje-canje a cikin amfani da kalmomi na yau da kullun. Wasu kalmomi suna fuskantar faɗaɗa ma'ana (zama gabaɗaya), ƙuntatawa na ma'ana (zama takamaiman), ko canji a cikin ƙimar da aka fahimta (daga mai kyau zuwa mara kyau ko akasin haka). Wannan shine inda al'adun gargajiya , kafofin watsa labarai, da al'ummomin kan layi suka zama "injinonin" da ke hanzarta canje-canje a ma'ana. Sakamakon haka, tsara ɗaya na iya samun ma'ana daban ga kalma ɗaya fiye da wata.
Ma'ana, asali, da iko
Harshe ba wai kawai hanyar sadarwa ba ce , har ma da alamar asali. Yare, zaɓin kalmomi, da salon magana na iya nuna asalin yanki, matsayi na zamantakewa, ilimi, ko alaƙar rukuni. Saboda haka, ma'ana a cikin harshe tana da alaƙa da dangantakar iko: wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin "mai kyau," wanda ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin "marar hankali," kuma wanda ke da ikon kafa mizani.
A yanayi da yawa, ana ganin harshe na yau da kullun a matsayin wanda ya fi daraja fiye da nau'ikan yanki ko na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, kowane nau'in yana da nasa aikin al'adu da ƙimarsa. Idan aka ɗauki nau'in harshe a matsayin wanda bai kai ba, sau da yawa yana lalata ba kawai hanyar magana ba har ma da al'ummar masu magana. Saboda haka, tattauna ma'ana a cikin harshe da al'adu yana nufin fahimtar ɓangarorin zamantakewa da siyasa na ayyukan harshe.
Kammalawa
Ma'ana a cikin harshe da al'adu tana da rai, tana da tsari, kuma tana da tasiri ta hanyar mahallin. Kalmomi ba wai kawai suna nufin abubuwa ko ayyuka ba ne, har ma suna nuna dabi'u, motsin rai, alaƙar zamantakewa, da kuma ra'ayoyin zamantakewa. Al'adu tana samar da tsarin fassara kalmomi - daga ma'anoni masu sauƙi na ma'ana zuwa ma'anoni masu ma'ana da aka ɓoye a cikin al'adu, misalai, da ƙa'idodi na ladabi.
Ta hanyar fahimtar kusancin da ke tsakanin harshe da al'adu, za mu ƙara zama masu saurin fahimta a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa, mu ƙara mai da hankali wajen fassara abin da wasu ke faɗa, kuma mu ƙara buɗe ido ga bambancin hanyoyin da mutane ke yin ma'ana a duniya. A ƙarshe, nazarin ma'ana ba wai kawai game da nazarin kalmomi ba ne, har ma game da nazarin mutane da al'adunsu.
