Amasu Nezindlela Zokucubungula Igolide Elivela Ku-Ore
Ukucubungula igolide kusuka ku-ore kuwuchungechunge lwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokuhlukanisa nokuhlanza igolide ezintweni zamatshe eziqukethe amaminerali ayigugu. Ngenxa yokuthi igolide ngokuvamile alitholakali ngendlela "emsulwa" etholakala kalula ngokwemvelo, kudingeka izindlela eziqondile—kusukela ekulungiseleleni i-ore, ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba, ukuhlanzwa, kanye nokucwengisiswa kokugcina. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu nezindlela ezivamile zokucubungula igolide kusuka ku-ore, kanye nezimiso zokusebenza kwazo, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi, kanye nezici ezibalulekile zokuphepha kanye nezemvelo.
1. Izici ze-Gold Ore kanye nokubaluleka kokuhlolwa kokuqala
Ngaphambi kokukhetha indlela yokucubungula, isinyathelo esibalulekile ukuqonda izici zetshe eliyigugu. Itshe eliyigugu legolide lingaba:
– Ama-ore e-oxide (ngokuvamile kulula ukuwacubungula).
– Amatshe e-sulfide (ngokuvamile “ayaphambuka” ngoba igolide libanjwe kumaminerali e-sulfide njenge-pyrite/arsenopyrite).
– I-carbonaceous ore noma i-preg-robbing (i-carbon yemvelo imunca i-gold complex ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukubuyiselwa).
– Indawo/i-alluvial (izinhlamvu zegolide zamahhala esihlabathini/esihlabathini somfula).
Emisebenzini yezimboni, ukuhlolwa kwensimbi njengokuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe kwegolide (ukuhlolwa komlilo), ukuhlolwa kwe-mineralological (i-microscopy/XRD), kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-leaching scale laboratory kwenziwa ukuze kulinganiswe ukululama nokunquma indlela yenqubo ephumelela kakhulu.
2. Ukulungiselela i-Ore: Ukuchoboza Nokugaya
Isigaba sokuqala sokucubungula ukunciphisa usayizi wetshe ukuze amaminerali egolide akhululwe emadwaleni angcolile.
1) Ukuchoboza
Itshe elivela emayini ngokuvamile likhulu ngobukhulu, bese lichotshozwa kusetshenziswa umshini wokuchoboza umhlathi noma umshini wokuchoboza i-cone libe usayizi wamasentimitha.
2) Ukugaya/ukugaya
Ngemva kwalokho, i-ore iyagaywa kusetshenziswa i-ball mill noma i-SAG mill ibe usayizi omncane (isibonelo, ama-80% adlula ama-micron angu-75–150), kuye ngezidingo zokukhululwa.
Umgomo akukhona nje ukucwenga impahla, kodwa ukufeza usayizi ofanele. Impahla emahhadla kakhulu yenza kube nzima ukususa igolide, kuyilapho into encane kakhulu ikhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent futhi yenza kube nzima ukuhlukaniswa koketshezi oluqinile.
3. Ukugxilisa Amandla Adonsela Phansi: Ukusebenzisa Umehluko Emandla Adonsela Phansi Athile
Uma i-ore iqukethe igolide elingenama-coarse, indlela yamandla adonsela phansi iyasebenza kakhulu ngoba igolide linomgoqo ophezulu oqondile.
Imishini evamile:
– Ibhokisi lokufaka izinto ezincane (elivamile ezikalini ezincane/eziplaster).
– Isiqongo esijikelezayo.
– Itafula elinyakazisayo.
– Isiqongo se-Knelson noma isiqongo se-Falcon (isiqongo se-centrifugal).
Izinzuzo zendlela yokudonsa amandla adonsela phansi ukuthi ilula kakhulu, izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi, kanye nokuntuleka kwayo kokuncika kumakhemikhali. Okubi kuhlanganisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwegolide elihle kakhulu noma igolide eliboshwe kumaminerali e-sulfide.
4. Ukuntanta: Amaminerali Anegolide Agcwele Ukugcwala
Kuma-ore e-sulfide, igolide livame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-pyrite, i-chalcopyrite, noma i-arsenopyrite. Kulezi zimo, ukuntanta kungasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ama-sulfide concentrates ebanga eliphezulu, okunciphisa inani lezinto ezidinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe.
Isimiso sokuntanta:
– Izinhlayiya zamaminerali zenziwa zingabi manzi ngamaqoqo (isb. i-xanthate).
– Umoya uyavuthelwa ukuze amaminerali angangenisi amanzi anamathele kuma-bubbles futhi antante njenge-foam (concentrate).
– Amanye amaminerali ahlala e-pulp njengemisila.
Imikhiqizo yokuntanta (ama-concentrates) ivame ukucutshungulwa kabanzi ngezinqubo zokukhipha noma zokukhipha i-oxidation (ikakhulukazi kuma-ore angenakuphikiswa).
5. Ukuvuza: Igolide Elincibilikisa Amakhemikhali
Ukuvuza kuyindawo eyinhloko yezindawo eziningi zokugaya igolide zanamuhla. Igolide elikhululekile liyancibilika libe yindawo encibilikayo bese libuyiselwa emuva.
a) Ukwakheka kwe-Cyanidation
Indlela yezimboni esetshenziswa kakhulu i-cyanide leaching, njengoba isebenza kahle futhi ikhetha ama-ore amaningi. Igolide lakha ama-complexes ancibilikayo ezixazululweni ze-cyanide ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline pH kanye nokuba khona komoya-mpilo.
Ukucushwa okubili okuvamile:
– CIL (Carbon-in-Leach): ikhabhoni esebenzayo ifakwa ngqo ethangini le-leach ukuze imunce igolide elincibilikisiwe.
– I-CIP (i-Carbon-in-Pulp): ukuhlanzwa kwenziwa kuqala, bese kuba yi-carbonization esigabeni esilandelayo.
Izinzuzo: ukululama okuphezulu kuma-ore afanele futhi kuqinisekiswe ngezinga elikhulu.
Inselele: idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kwemingcele yenqubo kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza okuphephile.
b) Ukuhlanzwa Kwenqwaba Yezinqwaba
Kuma-ore aphansi futhi angangena kalula, kusetshenziswa i-heap leaching:
– Itshe liyachotshozwa, ngezinye izikhathi lihlanganiswe ndawonye, bese libekwa phezu kwephedi elivalwe.
– Isixazululo se-leach sithululwa (simanziswa) sisuka phezulu.
– Isixazululo esikhulelwe siqoqwa ngezansi bese sicutshungulwa ukuze kutholakale igolide.
Le ndlela inezindleko eziphansi zezindleko ezinkulu kunezitshalo ze-CIL/CIP, kodwa imvamisa ihamba kancane futhi ukubuyiselwa kwemali kungaba ngaphansi.
c) Ezinye Izindlela Ezingezona Eze-Cyanide (Kuye Ngokungenzeka)
Ezinye izindlela eziye zacwaningwa/zasetshenziswa zilinganiselwe:
– Ukukhuhla kwe-thiosulfate (ithuba lokususa i-ore ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-ore).
– Ukuvuza kwe-Halide (i-chloride/i-bromide ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile).
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kwayo kudinga ukulawulwa kwenqubo okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi akuvamile njengokuncibilikisa i-cyanidation ezimayini eziningi.
6. Ukucubungula i-Ore Engavuvukali: Ukuxutshwa kwe-Oxidation Ngaphambi Kokuhlanzwa
Ama-ore acwebezelayo yi-ore lapho igolide "livalelwe" khona kumaminerali e-sulfide noma livinjwe yi-matrix ethile, okwenza i-cyanide ingasebenzi ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangaphambili. Izindlela zokwelapha kwangaphambili zifaka:
1) Ukuthosa
Ama-sulfide akhishwa i-oxidized emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, okwenza igolide libonakale kakhulu. Kudingeka ukulawulwa kokukhishwa komoya (isb., i-SO₂/As).
2) Ukucindezeleka kwe-Oxidation (POX)
Ukuminyana kwe-oksijini ku-autoclave ecindezelwe enomoya-mpilo. Ukuvuselelwa kungaba phezulu, kodwa izindleko zemali ziphezulu.
3) Ukwakheka kwe-bio-oxidation (BIOX)
Ukusebenzisa amabhaktheriya ukuze kufakwe ama-sulfide ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo. "Kupholile" kunokuthosa, kodwa kudinga isikhathi sokucubungula kanye nokuphathwa kwe-bioreactor.
Ngemva koku-oxidation, i-ore/concentrate iyakhishwa (ngokuvamile nge-cyanide) ukuze kuncibilikiswe igolide.
7. Ukubuyiswa Kwegolide Kusuka Kusisombululo: I-Carbon Esebenzayo, I-Resin, kanye Nemvula
Uma igolide selincibilikile, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukulisusa esixazululweni.
– Ukumuncwa kwekhabhoni okusebenzayo (CIP/CIL): ikhabhoni imunca igolide eliyinkimbinkimbi. Ikhabhoni bese isuswa (ihlutshulwa) kusetshenziswa ikhambi elikhethekile lokukhipha igolide.
– I-Resin-in-Pulp (RIP): i-resin yokushintshanisa ama-ion ithatha indawo yekhabhoni ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ngezinye izikhathi imelana kakhulu nokungcola.
– Ukuna kwe-zinc (Merrill–Crowe): isixazululo esicebile siyacwengwa futhi sikhishwe umoya-mpilo, bese igolide likhishwa kusetshenziswa i-zinc powder. Le ndlela ifanele izixazululo ezihlanzekile.
Umphumela wokugcina uvame ukuba udaka/ukugxila okube sekuncibilikiswa kube yi-doré (ingxube yegolide nesiliva) ngaphambi kokuba kuhlungwe kabanzi.
8. Ukuncibilikisa Nokucwenga
Umkhiqizo otholiwe (isb., i-elution precipitate noma i-Merrill-Crowe) uyomiswa bese uncibilikiswa kusetshenziswa i-flux ukukhiqiza i-doré bar. I-doré ibe isihlanzwa endaweni yokuhluza ngokwenza okulandelayo:
– Izinqubo ze-Electrolysis (isib. i-Wohlwill yegolide elicwengekile kakhulu).
– Inqubo ye-Miller (ukusebenzisa i-chlorine ukuhlukanisa ukungcola okuthile).
Ukucwenga kukhiqiza igolide lezinga eliphezulu (isib. 99,99%) ngokwezindinganiso zokuhweba.
9. Ukuphathwa Kwezinsila, Amanzi Enqubo, kanye Nezici Zemvelo
Ukucubungula igolide kuhlala kukhiqiza izinsalela (izinto ezisele eziqinile) kanye namanzi okucubungula, okumele aphathwe ngokuphephile. Imikhuba evamile ihlanganisa:
– Ukujiya nokugcinwa kwezinsalela ku-TSF (indawo yokugcina izinsalela) ngomklamo we-geotechnical.
– Phinda usebenzise amanzi ukuze unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
– Ukususa ubuthi ezinsaleleni ze-reagent (isib. ukunciphisa izinsalela ze-cyanide ngezinqubo ezithile ze-oxidation uma kudingeka).
– Ukuqapha ikhwalithi yamanzi, ukuzinza kwamadamu asele, kanye nezinhlelo zokuvala imayini.
Izici zezeMpilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini (K3) nazo zibalulekile: ukusetshenziswa kwama-reagent, ukulawulwa kothuli, ukuvimbela ukuchayeka ezintweni eziyingozi, kanye nezinqubo eziphuthumayo kumele kube yingxenye yesistimu yokusebenza.
10. Isiphetho
Amasu nezindlela zokucubungula igolide kusuka ku-ore zincike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwe-ore, usayizi wokukhululwa, kanye nezici ze-mineralological. Izindlela ezivamile zenqubo zifaka phakathi ukuchoboza nokugaya, ukuhlushwa kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye/noma ukuntanta, ukuhlanzwa (ngokuvamile ukuncibilikiswa kwe-cyanidation ku-CIL/CIP noma i-heap leach), ukubuyiselwa kwegolide kusuka esixazululweni, bese kuncibilikiswa futhi kuhlungwe. Kuma-ore angenawo umswakama, izinyathelo zokufakelwa kwe-oxidation ezifana nokuthosa, i-POX, noma i-bio-oxidation ziyadingeka ukuze kukhishwe igolide ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, impumelelo yokucubungula igolide yesimanje inqunywa futhi ngokusetshenziswa kokulawulwa kwenqubo okuqinile, ukususwa kwe-tailings okunesibopho kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi, kanye nokuzibophezela ekuphepheni emsebenzini kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Uma ufisa, ngingavumelanisa lesi sihloko nesimo sezinga lezimboni (ngama-flowsheet namapharamitha ajwayelekile), noma esikalini esincane/esiphakathi (ngigxile kakhulu ekugxilweni kwamandla adonsela phansi kanye nemikhuba yokusebenza eyisisekelo) ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zakho.
