Amasu Okulawula Umthelela Emvelweni Ezimayini
Ukumba izimayini kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlinzekeni ngezinto zokusetshenziswa, amandla, kanye namaminerali okuthuthukiswa, kusukela engqalasizinda kanye nokukhiqiza kuya kubuchwepheshe. Kodwa-ke, lo msebenzi ubuye ube nemiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo, njengokushintsha kwesimo sendawo, ukuwohloka kwekhwalithi yamanzi, ukungcoliswa komoya, ukulahlekelwa kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nomthelela kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho emiphakathini ezungezile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa komthelela kwezemvelo akuyona nje isibopho sokuphatha kodwa kuyingxenye eyinhloko yemikhuba yokumba enesibopho. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngamasu ahlukahlukene okuphatha umthelela kwezemvelo kwezezimayini, kusukela esigabeni sokuhlela kuya ngemva kokumba.
1. Ukuhlela Okusekelwe Ekuhlolweni Kwemvelo
Izinyathelo zokuphatha umthelela ziqala isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba imishini esindayo isebenze. Ekuqaleni, izinkampani kudingeka zenze izifundo zemvelo, njenge-AMDAL (Ukuhlaziywa Komthelela Wezemvelo) noma i-UKL-UPL (Ukuhlolwa Komthelela Wezemvelo) ukuze kutholakale imiphumela engaba khona futhi kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zokuphatha nokuqapha. Lezi zifundo zisiza ekunqumeni indawo yezindawo zokumba, imizila yokuthutha, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, izindawo zokulahla imfucuza, kanye nezindawo okufanele zivikelwe.
Indlela eyinhloko kulesi sigaba ukumaka ukuzwela kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlonza izindawo zamanzi, imingcele yemifula, izindawo ezivikelwe, izindawo ezibalulekile zokuhlala kwezilwane zasendle, kanye nezindawo ezivame ukudilika. Ngalolu lwazi, umklamo wezimayini ungathuthukiswa ukuze kugwenywe izindawo ezinenani eliphezulu lokulondolozwa kwemvelo futhi kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka ohlelweni lwemvelo.
2. Ukulawulwa Komthelela Ekuhlanzweni Komhlaba kanye Nokuguguleka Komhlaba
Ukuhlanzwa komhlabathi kuwumthombo omkhulu wokugcwala kwenhlabathi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi. Amasu okulawula ahlanganisa:
– Ukuhlanzwa komhlaba ngezigaba: Ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ngokwezidingo zokusebenza ukuze indawo yomhlaba ephazamisekile ingabi ngaphezulu kakhulu.
– Ukugcinwa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu: Ingqimba yenhlabathi ephezulu iyahlutshwa, igcinwe endaweni ekhethekile, futhi ivikelwe ekugugulekeni ukuze isetshenziswe kabusha.
– Ukuphathwa kwama-terrace kanye nokwehliswa kwentaba: Ukunciphisa ukuthambekela kwentaba ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni.
– Iziteshi zokudonsa amanzi kanye nezilawuli zokugeleza kwamanzi: Ukugeleza kwamanzi ngqo ukuze kungaguguli indawo evulekile.
– Isicupho sedaka kanye nodaka: Ukufaka isicupho sedaka kanye nodaka ukuze kubambe izinhlayiya zomhlabathi ngaphambi kokuba amanzi akhishwe emanzini.
Inhlanganisela ephumelela kakhulu yamasu okulima kanye nokulima, isibonelo ukutshala izitshalo zokumboza nokusebenzisa i-mulch ukusheshisa ukuzinza komhlabathi.
3. Ukuphathwa Kwamanzi Ezimayini Nokuvimbela Ukungcola
Amanzi ayindlela esengozini enkulu yokuthinteka yizimayini, kungaba yizibi, izinsimbi ezisindayo, noma amakhemikhali enqubo. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwamanzi ezimayini kumele kwakhiwe njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe.
a) Ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile namanzi emigodi
Umgomo oyinhloko ukuhlukanisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ezindaweni ezingaphazamiseki (amanzi ahlanzekile) emanzini ezindaweni zokusebenza (amanzi okuxhumana). Amanzi ahlanzekile adluliselwa ngemigudu yokuphambukisa ukuze avinjwe ukuthi angangeni endaweni yezimayini, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe umthamo wamanzi angcolile.
b) Ukwelashwa kwamanzi emayini
Amanzi ahlangana nezindawo zokumba adinga ukwelashwa ngaphambi kokuba akhishwe. Amasu ahlanganisa:
- Ukususwa kwenhlabathi ukuze kuncishiswe i-TSS.
– Nciphisa i-pH usebenzisa i-lime noma izinto ze-alkaline uma amanzi ene-asidi.
– Ukuhlangana-ukuhambahamba ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthuthwa kwezinhlayiya ezincane.
– Izinhlelo zokuhlunga nezakhiwe ezindaweni ezimanzi njengokwelashwa okwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa izinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe.
c) Ukulawulwa Kokugeleza Kwe-Acid Mine (AMD)
I-AMD yenzeka lapho amaminerali e-sulfide exuba futhi ekhiqiza ama-asidi ancibilikisa izinsimbi. Izinyathelo zokulawula zifaka:
– Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezakha i-acid (i-PAF) kanye nezinto ezingezona eze-PAF ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ze-geochemical, bese kubekwa ngokwehlukana.
– Ukumboza: Ukumboza izinto ze-PAF ngesendlalelo esingangeni noma izinto ezingezona eze-PAF ukuze kuncishiswe ukuthintana nomoya-mpilo namanzi.
– Ukuphathwa komswakama: Nciphisa ukungena kwamanzi ngesistimu yokumboza enhle.
– Ukucubungula okusebenzayo (ilayimu, i-reactor) kanye nokucubungula okungasebenzi (indawo enamanzi, i-limestone engangcolisi) ngokwezimo zensimu.
4. Ukulawulwa Kokuthuthwa Kothuli Nomoya
Uthuli oluvela emigwaqweni yezimayini, ukuqhumisa, kanye nemisebenzi yokususa izinto kuyinkinga enkulu ethinta impilo yomphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle. Amasu okulawula afaka:
– Nisela njalo umgwaqo wokuthutha, okungcono kakhulu ngohlelo olulinganisiwe lokusebenza kahle kwamanzi.
– Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezicindezela uthuli ezifana nama-polymer noma usawoti othile, kanye nokuhlolwa kwemiphumela yazo evela kokunye.
– Imikhawulo yesivinini sezimoto kanye nokuthuthukiswa komgwaqo.
– Ukumboza umthwalo emalorini athutha izinto ezincane.
– Ukutshala amabhande aluhlaza ukuze kuvikelwe uthuli nomsindo.
– Ukulawula ukukhishwa kwemishini esindayo ngokulungiswa njalo, ukusebenzisa uphethiloli osezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha ukukhishwa kwegesi okuphansi.
Ukuze kuqhunyiswe, ukubeka iphethini yokuqhuma kanye nezimo zezulu (isiqondiso somoya, umswakama) kunganciphisa ukusabalala kothuli kanye nokudlidliza.
5. Ukuphathwa Kwemfucuza Eqinile, Ukususwa Kwemfucuza, kanye Nezinto Eziyingozi
Ukumba kukhiqiza umthwalo osindayo, imfucuza yamatshe, kanye nemfucuza evela ekucutshungulweni. Ukuphathwa komthelela kugcizelela ukuzinza ngokomzimba nangokwekhemikhali.
a) Indawo yokulahla imfucuza ezinzile
– Umklamo ophephile we-slope (isici sokuphepha se-geotechnical).
– Uhlelo lokukhipha amanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokudilika komhlabathi.
– Ukuphinda kutshalwe kabusha kancane kancane kwemithambeka yokugcina ukuze kwandiswe ukuzinza.
b) Ukuphathwa kwe-tailings
Izinsila kumele ziphathwe ezindaweni zokugcina izinto ezenzelwe amazinga okuphepha, okuhlanganisa:
– Ukuqapha i-Piezometer kanye nokuguqulwa kwedamu.
– Ukulawula ukuvuza kwamanzi ngama-liners noma izindonga ezingangenwa amanzi.
– Uhlelo lokuphendula eziphuthumayo uma kwenzeka idamu liwa.
Kwezinye izimo, indlela yokufaka imisele eyomile (imisele eyomile) inganciphisa ingozi yokuwa kwedamu nokuvuza kwamanzi, yize kudinga izindleko ezinkulu namandla amakhulu.
c) Izinqubo zemfucuza kanye namakhemikhali ze-B3
Izinto ezifana namafutha asetshenzisiwe, amabhethri, ama-reagent okuflotha, noma i-cyanide (kwezinye izimayini zegolide) zidinga:
– Indawo yokugcina enelayisensi futhi enelebula, ifakwe ukugcinwa kwesibili.
- Ama-SOP okuphendula ukuchitheka kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi.
– Ukuthuthwa kanye nokucubungula yizinhlangano ezinelayisensi ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo.
6. Ukulawula Umsindo Nokudlidliza
Umsindo uvela emishinini esindayo, kuma-crusher, nasezimotweni. Ukudlidliza ngokuvamile kuvela ekuqhumeni. Ukulawula kufezwa ngokuthi:
- Ukuhlela imisebenzi ukuze kugwenywe amahora abucayi.
– Ukunciphisa umsindo kanye nokuvala imishini ethile.
– Indawo ye-buffer noma ibanga eliphephile ukusuka ezindaweni zokuhlala.
– Izilungiselelo zobuchwepheshe zokuqhuma (ukushaja ngokulibaziseka ngakunye, isikhathi) ukucindezela ukudlidliza.
– Qapha umsindo nokudlidliza njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulandelwa izindinganiso zekhwalithi.
7. Ukulondolozwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukumba kuvame ukusebenza eduze kwezindawo ezinamahlathi noma izindawo zokuhlala zezilwane zasendle. Amasu okulawula umthelela wemvelo ahlanganisa:
– Ukugwema izindawo ezinenani eliphezulu lokulondolozwa (i-HCV/HCS).
– Izindawo eziseduze nogu lolwandle (imingcele yemifula) ziyagcinwa ukuze kugcinwe imizila yezilwane zasendle kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi.
– Ukuhlenga nokuthutha izitshalo nezilwane ezifuywayo ezimweni ezithile ngezinqubo ezicacile.
– Ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ngokutshala izinhlobo zendawo nokwakha imihubhe yezemvelo.
Impumelelo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo ayilinganiswa nje kuphela ngenani lezihlahla ezitshaliwe, kodwa futhi nangokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi ye-ecosystem njengokumbozwa komhlaba, ukuqina kwenhlabathi, kanye nokuba khona kwezilwane ezibonisa izinkomba.
8. Ukubuyiselwa Kwemvelo Nokuvubukulwa Kwangemva Kokumbiwa: Ukubuyisela Umsebenzi Womhlaba
Ukuvuselela kabusha kuyisihluthulelo sokuphathwa komthelela wesikhathi eside. Ngokomthetho, ukuvuselela kabusha kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka (ukuvuselela okuqhubekayo), kunokulinda ukuthi kuqedwe ukumbiwa. Izigaba zifaka:
– Ukuhlela umhlaba: ukwakheka kwemingcele eqinile nephephile.
– Ukubuyisela inhlabathi ephezulu ukuze kwandiswe ukuvunda.
– Ukuvuselela izitshalo ngenhlanganisela yezitshalo ezikhula ngokushesha kanye nezitshalo zasendaweni.
– Ukuphathwa kwamanzi agelezayo ngemva kokumba ukuze kuvinjelwe izikhukhula noma ukuguguleka komhlabathi.
– Ukuqapha impumelelo yokuvuselelwa kabusha ngokusekelwe ezinkombeni: iphesenti lokuphila kwezitshalo, ukumbozwa kwekhava, ikhwalithi yomhlabathi, kanye nokuqina kwethambeka.
Ukunquma ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kokugcina (amahlathi, ezolimo, ezokudoba, ezokuvakasha kwezemvelo, noma izindawo zezimboni) kumele kucabangele ukuhlelwa kwendawo nezidingo zomphakathi.
9. Ukuqapha, Ukuhlola, kanye Nohlelo Lokubandakanya Umphakathi
Amasu okulawula umthelela ngeke asebenze ngaphandle kokuqapha nokuhlola. Izinhlelo zokuqapha zivame ukumboza ikhwalithi yamanzi (i-pH, i-TSS, izinsimbi), ikhwalithi yomoya (PM10/PM2.5), umsindo, kanye nokuzinza kwezindawo zokulahla udoti kanye nezindawo zokulahla udoti. Imiphumela yokuqapha kufanele ibe yisisekelo sesenzo sokulungisa ngokushesha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzibandakanya komphakathi ngezindlela zokukhalaza, ukubonisana njalo, kanye nokucaca kwedatha yezemvelo kusiza ekwakheni ukwethembana nokuvimbela izingxabano. Ukuhlolwa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle nakho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhuba emihle embonini.
Isiphetho
Ukuphathwa komthelela wemvelo ezimayini kudinga indlela ephelele ehlanganisa ukuhlela okusekelwe ekuhlolweni, ukulawulwa kokuguguleka komhlabathi kanye nokungcola, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okuhlanganisa ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwamanzi ezimayini ezine-asidi, ukulawulwa kothuli nokukhishwa komoya, ukuphathwa kwemfucuza kanye nemisele, ukunciphisa umsindo, ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo ngemva kokumayini. Uma lawa masu esetshenziswa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi esekelwa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kanye nokubandakanyeka komphakathi, ukumayini kungaba okuphephile, okuthobelayo, futhi okusimeme kakhudlwana.
