Izindlela Zokubhoboza Nezokumba Zamaminerali Ezimbonini
Amaminerali ezimboni ayiqembu lamaminerali asetshenziselwa kakhulu izakhiwo zawo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali, kunokuba abe nenani lensimbi. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-limestone, i-dolomite, i-gypsum, i-kaolin, isihlabathi se-quartz, i-feldspar, i-bentonite, i-zeolite, i-phosphate, i-talc, nosawoti. Lawa maminerali akha umgogodla wezimboni eziningi: usimende nokwakhiwa, ingilazi kanye ne-ceramics, umanyolo, iphepha, upende, imithi, ngisho nama-filler kumapulasitiki kanye nerabha. Ngenxa yokuthi izici zamadiphozithi amaminerali ezimboni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu—kusukela kumadiphozithi aseduze kobuso kuya kulawo ajule kakhulu—izindlela zokumba kanye nokumba ezikhethiwe kumele zilungiselelwe i-geology, ikhwalithi yamaminerali, ukujiya kwezingqimba, izimo ze-hydrogeological, kanye nosayizi womkhiqizo oqondiwe kanye nobumsulwa.
Indima Yokubhoboza Ezimayini Zezimbiwa Zezimboni
Ukubhoboza ngokwesimo samaminerali ezimbonini kunezinjongo ezimbili eziyinhloko: (1) ukuhlola ukunquma ukuma, ukujiya, ukusatshalaliswa, ibanga/ubumsulwa, kanye nokwehluka kwekhwalithi yamadiphozithi; kanye (2) ukukhiqizwa, okungukuthi ukubhoboza ukuze kuqhunyiswe noma ukwenziwa kwesampula yokulawula ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sokumba. Emaminerali ezimbonini, izici zekhwalithi zivame ukuzwela kakhulu kune-"grade" njengasezinsimbini. Isibonelo, okuqukethwe yi-SiO₂ esihlabathini se-quartz, okuqukethwe yi-CaCO₃ ku-limestone, izinga lokukhanya ku-kaolin, noma okuqukethwe kokungcola kwe-Fe₂O₃ okunganciphisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Izindlela Ezivamile Zokubhoboza Ukuhlola
1. Ukubhoboza nge-Auger (ukubhoboza ngentambo)
Le ndlela iyasebenza ezindaweni ezingajulile njengobumba, isihlabathi, i-laterite, noma i-kaolin eduze kobuso. Izinzuzo zayo izindleko nesivinini esiphansi, kodwa ukujula kulinganiselwe, futhi ikhwalithi yesampula ingaphazamiseka uma izinto zikhululekile kakhulu noma zigcwele amanzi.
2. Ukubhoboza ngokujikeleza
Ukubhoboza okujikelezayo kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhekeni kwe-sedimentary kanye namatshe aqinile kancane. Kwezinye izimo, ukubhoboza okujikelezayo kungafakelwa uhlelo lokujikeleza komoya noma udaka ukuze kuphakanyiswe okusikiwe. Le ndlela iyashesha, kodwa amasampula okusikiwe avame ukungameleli kangako ekuhlaziyweni kwekhwalithi okuningiliziwe kune-drill core.
3. Ukubhoboza i-diamond core
Lena indinganiso yokuthola amasampula e-rock core aphelele, okubalulekile kumatshe e-limestone asezingeni eliphezulu, i-dolomite, i-gypsum, noma amanye amatshe ezimboni adinga ukucaciswa kwesakhiwo, ukuqhekeka, ukujiya kwezingqimba, kanye nokwehluka kwe-lithological. Izindleko ziphakeme, kodwa idatha etholakele iphelele futhi inembile.
4. Ukubhoboza ukujikeleza kwegazi okungemuva (RC)
I-RC ikhiqiza amasampula e-shale ahlanzekile futhi amele kakhulu kune-rotary evamile ngoba ukujikeleza okuphambene kusiza ekunciphiseni ukungcola kwe-interlayer. Le ndlela ifanelekela imephu yekhwalithi esheshayo yamadiphozithi angafani.
Umklamo Wohlelo Lokubhoboza kanye Nokulawula Ikhwalithi
Kumaminerali ezimboni, isikhala se-drill bit sivame ukunqunywa ukuthi ikhwalithi ishintsha ngokushesha kangakanani ngokwezinhlangothi nangokuqondile. Ama-homogeneous bit deposits angasebenzisa i-space ebanzi, kuyilapho ama-layered noma ama-debride acebile ngokungcola adinga ukubhoboza eduze. Idatha ye-drill ivame ukuhambisana nokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri: i-XRF/XRD yokwakheka kwamaminerali, ukuhlaziywa kosayizi wezinhlamvu, ukuhlolwa kokukhanya/ubumhlophe, ukuhlolwa kokuqukethwe komswakama, kanye nokuhlolwa kwempahla ebonakalayo (isb., ukuklwebheka kwesihlabathi se-silica). Imiphumela isetshenziselwa ukudala amamodeli e-geological kanye nekhwalithi akha isisekelo sokuhlela nokuxuba imayini.
Izindlela Zokumbiwa Kwezimbiwa Zezimboni
Ngokuvamile, izindlela zokumba amaminerali zezimboni zihlukaniswe ngokwemba okungaphezulu komhlaba, ukwemba ngaphansi komhlaba, kanye nezindlela ezikhethekile njengokumba imigodi noma ukwemba isixazululo. Ukukhetha indlela kunqunywa ukujula kwediphozithi, ukujiya kwesendlalelo, isilinganiso sokuhlubula, izimo zemvelo, kanye nezinhloso zamandla okukhiqiza.
1) Ukumbiwa Kwemigodi Evulekile (Imigodi Yezigodi)
Ukumba imigodi evulekile kuyindlela evame kakhulu yamaminerali ezimbonini ngoba amadiphozithi amaningi atholakala eduze kobuso. Ematsheni anjenge-limestone, i-dolomite, i-andesite, i-granite, noma i-gypsum, igama elithi "quarry" livame ukusetshenziswa.
Izigaba Ezijwayelekile Zokumbiwa Kwemigodi Evulekile
– Ukususa umhlaba kanye nokususa imithwalo eningi kusetshenziswa imishini yokumba, ama-bulldozer kanye namaloli okulahla imfucuza.
– Ukwakhiwa kwamabhentshi ukuze kube nokuqina nokuphepha emthambekeni.
– Ukuphuka kwedwala ngokuqhumisa noma ngaphandle kokuqhumisa (ukusika/ukuklebhula ngomshini), kuye ngokuthi idwala liqine kangakanani.
– Ukulayisha nokuthuthwa kuyiwe emshinini wokuchoboza noma enqolobaneni.
- Ukucubungula kokuqala njengokuchoboza, ukuhluza, ukuwasha, nokuxuba.
Ukubhoboza Nokuqhumisa Emgodini
Edwaleni eliqinile, ukubhoboza imigodi kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isando esiphezulu noma i-drill ye-down-the-hole (DTH). Umklamo wokubhoboza (umthwalo, isikhala, i-stem, kanye ne-charge) kumele ucabangele:
– Ukuqhekeka okufiselekayo ukuze kufanelane nomthamo we-crusher nokunciphisa izindleko zokuchoboza.
– Lawula ukudlidliza ikakhulukazi uma useduze nezindawo zokuhlala.
- Nciphisa ukuphuka kwe-overbreak ukuze ugcine ikhwalithi kanye nokuqina kwamazinga.
Kwamanye amaminerali ezimboni, ukuqhuma kungavinjelwa ngoba kungabangela ukungcola, kubangele izinhlawulo eziningi, noma kunciphise ikhwalithi (isibonelo, itshe lobukhulu noma ezinye izinhlobo ze-limestone ezidinga ubukhulu obuthile). Ezimweni ezinjalo, kusetshenziswa ukuklebhula ngama-bulldozer amakhulu noma abavukuzi bangaphezulu.
Imishini Ehlukile: Ummbi Wemigodi Engaphezulu
Abavukuzi basemajukujukwini basike idwala ngomshini, bakhiqize izinto ezinobukhulu obufanayo ngaphandle kokuliqhumisa. Izinzuzo:
– ukukhetha okuphezulu (kulula ukuhlukanisa izendlalelo zekhwalithi),
- ukudlidliza okuphansi,
– isidingo esinciphile sokubhoboza nokuqhuma.
Kodwa-ke, izindleko zemishini kanye nokugcinwa kwazo zingaba phezulu futhi zingabi nempumelelo etheni emadwaleni anamandla athile.
2) Ukumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba
Ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kuyathandwa uma amadiphozithi etholakala ekujuleni komhlaba, isembozo sijiyile kakhulu, noma indawo engaphezulu ibucayi (isib., izindawo zokuhlala, izindawo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, noma umhlaba okhiqizayo okunzima ukuwuvula). Ezimbiweni zezimboni, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba kuvamile usawoti wamatshe, amanye amadiphozithi e-gypsum, i-potassium, noma i-limestone yezinga eliphezulu.
Izindlela Ezivamile Zokumba Ngaphansi Komhlaba
1. Igumbi kanye nensika
Njengoba isetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni ezisicaba ezifana nosawoti, i-gypsum, kanye ne-limestone, izinsika zishiywa ukuze zisekele uphahla. Le ndlela iyasebenza kahle, kodwa ukuhlela kwe-geotechnical kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinsika ziqine ngokwanele ukuvimbela ukudilika.
2. Sika bese ugcwalisa
Ifanelekela amadiphozithi angalingani noma asezingeni eliphezulu adinga ukukhetha. Ngemva kokuba i-ore isikhishiwe, igumbi liyagcwaliswa ukuze kulondolozwe ukuqina.
3. Ukuma kwezinga eliphansi (ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile)
Kuvame kakhulu kuma-ore ensimbi, kodwa kungasetshenziswa lapho i-geometry yediphozithi ivuma khona futhi izidingo zokukhiqiza ziphezulu.
Ukumba Ezimayini Ezingaphansi Komhlaba
Ukubhoboza ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-jumbo drill ukudala imigodi yokuqhuma noma imigodi yokubopha amatshe. Kumaminerali ezimboni azwela ukungcola, ukulawula uthuli, umoya ongenisa umoya, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza indlu kubalulekile.
3) Ukumba imigodi kanye nokubeka izimayini zezimboni
Ukuze kufakwe isihlabathi kanye nohlaza (okuhlanganisiwe), isihlabathi se-quartz, noma amaminerali athile asindayo atholakala emifuleni yasendulo, emabhishi, noma emachibini, izindlela zokumba zingasetshenziswa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
– Umshini wokumunca wokusika: usika izinto bese umunca uthuli.
– Ibhakede/uchungechunge lokumba: kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwebhakede.
Izinzuzo zokumba imigodi zihlanganisa ukusebenza kahle ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi kanye nokunciphisa imisebenzi yokumba imigodi. Izinselele zifaka phakathi ukuphatha ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukuzinza kwamabhange, kanye nesidingo sezindawo zokugcina imigodi.
4) Ukumbiwa Kwesisombululo Sosawoti kanye Namaminerali Ancibilikayo
Ukumba isixazululo kuhilela ukufaka amanzi ukuze kuncibilikiswe amaminerali (isb., i-halite/usawoti), bese kupompa isixazululo endaweni ukuze siphume noma sicutshungulwe. Le ndlela inciphisa ukumba ngokomzimba kodwa idinga ukulawulwa okuqinile kulokhu:
– isiqondiso kanye nomthamo wokuncibilika (ukulawulwa kwemihume),
– ingozi yokuncipha (ukuwa),
– ukuphathwa kwamanzi kanye nemfucuza.
Izici Zokunquma Ukukhetha Indlela
1. Ijiyometri kanye nokujula kwamadiphozithi
Amadiphozithi angajulile avame ukumbiwa ngomnotho emgodini ovulekile; amadiphozithi ajulile afaneleka kakhulu ekumbiweni komhlaba noma kwesisombululo.
2. Ikhwalithi kanye nokungafani
Amaminerali ezimboni avame ukudinga ukukhetha okuphezulu nokuxuba. Izindlela ezivumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezingqimba (ukumba okukhethayo) zivame ukuba nenzuzo enkulu.
3. Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zamatshe
Ukuqina, ukuklwebheka, ukuqhekeka, kanye nezinga lokuguguleka kwesakhiwo kunquma ukuthi ukuqhumisa, ukuklebhula, noma ukusika kuyadingeka yini.
4. Izimo ze-Hydrogeological
Amazinga aphezulu amanzi angaphansi komhlaba adinga ukusulwa noma ukukhetha indlela ehambisana nezimo ezimanzi (isb. ukuguguleka).
5. Imvelo kanye nomphakathi
Uthuli, umsindo, ukudlidliza kokuqhuma, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi, kanye nokubuyiselwa komhlaba yizinto ezibalulekile okufanele zicatshangelwe.
I-Penutup
Izindlela zokumba nokumba izimbiwa zezimboni aziyona into evamile, njengoba umgomo oyinhloko akukhona nje "ukuthatha okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka," kodwa kunalokho ukukhiqiza izinto ezinezincazelo zekhwalithi ezihambisanayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. Ukumba kudlala indima ebalulekile kusukela ekuhloleni kuya ekulawuleni ukukhiqiza, kusiza ekuhleleni ukwehluka kwekhwalithi kokumba okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuhlela ukuxuba. Okwamanje, ukumbiwa kwemigodi evulekile kuseyisinqumo esiyinhloko samaminerali amaningi ezimboni, kulandelwe izindlela zokumba ngaphansi komhlaba, ukumba, kanye nezixazululo, kuye ngezici zediphozithi. Ngokukhethwa kwendlela efanele, imikhuba yokuphepha, kanye nokuphathwa kwemvelo okunengqondo, amaminerali ezimboni angakhiqizwa ngendlela eqhubekayo ukuze kusekelwe izidingo zengqalasizinda yesimanje kanye nemboni.
