Umehluko Phakathi Kwesistimu Yokupholisa Nenjini Eshisayo: Ukwembula Izimfihlo Ezingemuva Kokusebenza Kwazo Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo
Izinjini zisenhliziyweni yamadivayisi nezimoto ezahlukahlukene esizisebenzisa nsuku zonke. Izinhlobo ezimbili zezinjini ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo kwezobunjiniyela yizinjini zokupholisa (izinjini zesiqandisi) kanye nezinjini zokushisa (izinjini zokushisa). Nakuba zombili zidlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yanamuhla, izimiso zokusebenza kwazo kanye nezinhlelo zazo zihlukile kakhulu. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwezinjini zokupholisa nezinjini zokushisa, kusukela ezindleleni zazo eziyisisekelo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwazo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwazo.
1. Incazelo kanye nezimiso zokusebenza
Umshini Opholile
Umshini wokupholisa uyithuluzi elenzelwe ukudlulisa ukushisa kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye, ngokuvamile kusuka ngaphakathi kwegumbi noma esitsheni kuya endaweni engaphandle. Izibonelo ezivamile zemishini yokupholisa zifaka phakathi iziqandisi, ama-air conditioner, kanye nezinhlelo zokupholisa izimoto.
Isimiso Sokusebenza: Uhlelo lokuqandisa lusebenza ngokusekelwe emthethweni wesibili we-thermodynamics, ohilela ukwakheka komjikelezo wokuqandisa, njenge-Rankine Cycle noma i-Refrigeration Cycle. Lolu hlelo luhilela izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko: i-compressor, i-condenser, i-expansion valve, kanye ne-evaporator. Inqubo yokupholisa iqala nge-compressor ipompa i-refrigerant ngesimo segesi enomfutho ophezulu iye kwi-condenser. Ku-condenser, leli gesi likhipha ukushisa bese liphenduka uketshezi. Lolu ketshezi lube seludlula nge-expansion valve lapho umfutho walo wehla khona futhi izinga lokushisa lalo lehla kakhulu. Lesi siqandisi esibandayo siyahamba siye kwi-evaporator, lapho simunca khona ukushisa okuvela endaweni ezungezile, okubangela ukuthi igumbi noma indawo iphole.
Injini yokushisa
Injini yokushisa, noma injini yokushisa, iyithuluzi eliguqula amandla kaphethiloli abe amandla omshini ngokusha. Izibonelo ezivamile zifaka phakathi izinjini zezimoto, ama-turbine egesi, kanye nezinjini zedizili.
Isimiso Sokusebenza: Izinjini zokushisa zisebenza ngokusekelwe emthethweni wokuqala we-thermodynamics, othi amandla awakwazi ukudalwa noma ukubhujiswa, kodwa aguqulwa kuphela. Inqubo ngokuvamile iqala ngokushiswa kukaphethiloli ekamelweni lokushisa, ikhiqiza amagesi ngomfutho ophezulu kanye nokushisa . Lawa magesi abe esephoqa i-piston noma i-turbine ukuthi ihambe, futhi lokhu kunyakaza kuguqulwa kube amandla omshini. Izinjini zokushisa zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi (ama-ICE), njengalezo ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni, kanye nezinjini zokushisa zangaphandle, njengezinjini zomusi.
2. Izicelo kanye Nokusetshenziswa
Umshini Opholile
Imishini yokupholisa inezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi empilweni yansuku zonke. Nazi ezinye zezindawo eziyinhloko lapho isetshenziswa khona:
– Amafriji namafriji: Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusebenzisa, amafriji asebenzisa imishini yokupholisa ukugcina ukudla kusha ngokunciphisa izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwendawo yokugcina izinto.
– Umshini Wokupholisa Nokupholisa: Umshini wokupholisa osebenza kumshini wokupholisa umoya usiza ukugcina izinga lokushisa legumbi likhululekile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo.
– Ezokuthutha Ezisefrijini: Izimoto ezifakwe uhlelo lokubanda zisetshenziselwa ukuthutha izimpahla ezidinga amazinga okushisa aphansi njengokudla kwasolwandle, imithi, nezinye izinto ezibolayo.
– Imboni: Izinqubo eziningi zezimboni zidinga imininingwane eqondile yokupholisa ukuze imishini igcine isebenza emazingeni okushisa afanele noma ivimbele ukushisa ngokweqile.
Injini yokushisa
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinjini zokushisa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amandla nokushayela izimoto ezahlukahlukene kanye nemishini yezimboni:
– Izimoto: Izimoto, amaloli, izithuthuthu, nezinye izimoto zisebenzisa izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi ukuguqula amandla kaphethiloli abe ukunyakaza komshini.
– Izindiza: Ama-turbine egesi asetshenziswa ezindizeni ze-jet ayisibonelo sohlobo lwenjini yokushisa.
– Ukukhiqizwa Kwamandla: Izinjini zomlilo, njengezinjini zegesi kanye nezitshalo zikagesi ezinesithuthuthu, zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi ngezinga elikhulu.
– Imishini Esindayo Nemishini Yezimboni: Imishini eminingi esindayo nemishini yezimboni ithembele ezinjinini ezivuthayo ukuze isebenze nsuku zonke.
3. Ukusebenza Kahle kanye Nomthelela Wezemvelo
Ukusebenza Kahle Komshini Wokupholisa
Amayunithi esiqandisi avame ukukalwa ngokusekelwe ku-Coefficient of Performance yawo (COP), okuyisilinganiso samandla akhiqizwa ngendlela yokupholisa namandla asetshenziswayo. Amayunithi esiqandisi anamuhla avame ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinto ezintsha ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni nasekukhiqizweni. Kodwa-ke, amayunithi esiqandisi adinga amandla kagesi amaningi, ngakho-ke ukusebenza kwawo kahle kuncike kakhulu emthonjeni wamandla osetshenziswayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-refrigerant nakho kube yinto ekhathaza kakhulu imvelo, ikakhulukazi ngenkinga ekhulayo yokufudumala komhlaba.
Ukusebenza Kahle Kwenjini Yokushisa
Ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kuyinkomba ebalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwenjini yokushisa, okungukuthi isilinganiso samandla aguqulwe abe amandla omshini kumandla aphelele kaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe. Lezi zinjini ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle kancane kunezinjini ezibandayo ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukushisa ngamagesi okukhipha umoya nezinye izingxenye. Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, njengasezinjinini ze-hybrid kanye nobuchwepheshe be-turbocharger.
Umthelela Wezemvelo
Zombili izinjini ezibandayo nezishisayo zinemiphumela ebalulekile kwezemvelo.
– Imishini Yokupholisa: Ukusetshenziswa kweziqandisi ezinamandla okuqeda ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi kwandise umphumela wokushisa komhlaba kuyinto ekhathazayo kakhulu. Ukuze kuxazululwe lokhu, imithetho eqinile iyasebenza ezinhlotsheni nasebuningini beziqandisi ezingasetshenziswa. Imizamo iyaqhubeka yokuthuthukisa iziqandisi ezinobungani nemvelo.
– Izinjini Zokushisa: Izinjini zokushisa zikhipha amagesi okushisa njenge-CO2, i-NOx, nezinye izinhlayiya ezingcolisayo, ezifaka isandla ekufudumaleni komhlaba kanye nokungcoliswa komoya. Amazwe amaningi aqalise amazinga okukhishwa kwegesi ukuze anciphise le miphumela futhi akhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bezimoto zikagesi neze-hybrid.
4. Isiphetho
Izinjini zokupholisa nezokushisa ziyizingxenye ezimbili ezibalulekile ezisekela impilo yesimanje ngezindlela ezahlukene. Izinjini zokupholisa zisisiza ukuthi sihlale sikhululekile futhi sisha, kuyilapho izinjini zokushisa zisisiza ukuthi sihambe futhi sisebenze. Ukuqonda umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili kusisiza ukuthi sisebenzise lobu buchwepheshe ngezindlela ezisebenza kahle nezinobungani nemvelo. Ngokuqhubeka kwentuthuko yobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqwashisa ngemvelo, ikusasa lingabona ezinye izinto ezintsha ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle futhi zinciphise umthelela wemvelo wazo zombili izinhlobo zezinjini.
