Ubuchwepheshe Benjini Yokufaka Uphethiloli
Ubuchwepheshe benjini yokujova uphethiloli bungenye yentuthuko enethonya kakhulu ezweni lezimoto lanamuhla. Lolu hlelo luthatha indawo ye-carburetor, eyayiyindlela ejwayelekile yokuxuba umoya nophethiloli ezinjinini zikaphethiloli amashumi eminyaka, futhi iyinsika yokusebenza kahle ezinjinini zikadizili. Ukujova uphethiloli kwenza kube lula ukulethwa kukaphethiloli okunembile, ukusha okuphelele, ukukhishwa okuphansi komoya, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenjini kuzo zonke izimo ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba imithethonqubo yokukhishwa komoya kanye nezidingo zokusebenzisa kahle amandla ziba nzima kakhulu, ubuchwepheshe bokujova uphethiloli buyaqhubeka nokukhula, kuzo zonke izimoto, ezimotweni zabagibeli, nasezimotweni zezentengiselwano.
Ukuqonda kanye Nezimiso Zokusebenza Zokufaka Uphethiloli
Kalula nje, ukujova uphethiloli kuyindlela yokungenisa uphethiloli ekamelweni lokushisa noma i-intake manifold ngenani eliqondile, ngesikhathi esifanele, kanye nephethini yokufutha eqondile. Ngokungafani nama-carburetor, athembele ku-vacuum kanye ne-venturi mechanism, ukujova uphethiloli kusebenza ngokucindezela nokulawula okunembile kakhulu. Uhlelo lokujova luvame ukuba nephampu kaphethiloli, isihlungi, isitimela sikaphethiloli, ama-injector, izinzwa, kanye neyunithi yokulawula kagesi (ECU/ECM) ebala izidingo zikaphethiloli ngokusekelwe ezimweni zenjini.
Ezinjinini zephethiloli zanamuhla, uphethiloli ufakwa ngama-injectors ube yinkungu encane exubana kalula nomoya. Isilinganiso somoya-uphethiloli sibe sesigcinwa siseduze nenani elifanele ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kusebenze kahle futhi kukhishwe ugesi. Okwamanje, ezinjinini zephethiloli, uphethiloli ufakwa ngomfutho ophezulu kakhulu ngqo egumbini lokushiswa ngemva kokuba umoya ucindezelwe, okuholela ekushisweni kokucindezela.
Ukuvela Kusuka Ku-Carburetor Kuya Ku-Electronic Injection
Ama-carburetor anikeza izinzuzo zobulula kanye nezindleko, kodwa ukunemba kwawo kulinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi lapho amazinga okushisa eshintshashintsha, ukuphakama kushintshashintsha, noma imithwalo yenjini ishintsha ngokushesha. Njengoba imithethonqubo yokukhishwa komoya iqiniswa, abakhiqizi bezimoto babedinga uhlelo olukwazi ukulawula ingxube kaphethiloli ngendlela enembile. Ukujova uphethiloli nge-elekthronikhi (i-EFI) kwaba yisisombululo, njengoba yayingalungisa ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli ngokusekelwe ekufakweni kwenzwa yesikhathi sangempela.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-EFI kuhlobene kakhulu nokuthuthuka kwezinzwa kanye nokubala. Inzwa ye-oxygen exhaust (O2), ukuhamba komoya (MAF) noma inzwa ye-manifold pressure (MAP), inzwa ye-throttle position (TPS), inzwa ye-temperature yenjini (ECT), kanye nenzwa yesivinini senjini (CKP) kusiza i-ECU ukuthi inqume ubude bokuvula kwe-injector (ububanzi be-pulse). Ngokulawula i-closed-loop, i-ECU ingalungisa ingxube ukuze ithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-catalyst, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukukhishwa kwe-HC, CO, kanye ne-NOx.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Zokujova Ezinjinini Zephethiloli
Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, kunezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa kabanzi:
1. Umjovo Wephuzu Elilodwa (Umjovo Womzimba Ongenawo Umfutho/i-TBI)
Ama-injector atholakala emzimbeni we-throttle, afafaza uphethiloli ngaphambi kokuba ungene ku-intake manifold. Lolu hlelo lumelela ukuguquka kusuka kuma-carburetor kuya ekufakweni kukaphethiloli, njengoba lo mqondo ufana nokuxuba okuphakathi. Akubizi kakhulu, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwengxube kusilinda ngasinye akunembile njengohlelo olunamaphuzu amaningi.
2. Ukujova Kwamaphuzu Amaningi (I-MPI/I-Port Injection)
Isilinda ngasinye sinomjovo waso ofaka uphethiloli echwebeni lokungenisa eduze kwevalvu yokungenisa. Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo, impendulo engcono ye-throttle, kanye nokulawula okunembe kakhudlwana. I-MPI ibilokhu iyindinganiso ethandwayo ezimotweni eziningi amashumi eminyaka.
3. Umjovo Oqondile Kaphethiloli (i-GDI)
Ama-injector afakwa ngqo ekamelweni lokushisa futhi asebenza ngokucindezela okuphezulu kune-MPI. I-GDI ivumela amasu okushisa ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengezingxube ezithambile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile kanye nokupholisa kwangaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ukuhwamuka kukaphethiloli ngaphakathi kwesilinda. Umphumela uba ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla okukhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-GDI ivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, idinga iphampu enomfutho ophezulu, futhi iletha izinselele ezifana namathuba okwakheka kwediphozithi kuma-valve okungenisa ngenxa yokuntuleka kokugeza kukaphethiloli.
Ubuchwepheshe Bokufaka Injection Ezinjinini Zikadizili: Isitimela Esivamile Nezinye
Izinjini zikadizili zaziwa ngokudinga ukucindezela okuphezulu kakhulu kokufakwa komshini ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwe-atomization okuhle kakhulu. Enye yezinto ezintsha ezinkulu yi-Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI). Kulesi simiso, iphampu yokucindezela okuphezulu igcwalisa isitimela esivamile esisebenza njengedamu, sigcina ukucindezela okuphezulu okuzinzile. I-ECU ibe isilawula ngogesi ama-injector ukuthi afafaze uphethiloli ngesikhathi nangesikhathi esinembile kakhulu.
Izinzuzo zesitimela esivamile zifaka:
– Umfutho ophezulu womjovo ukuze inkungu kaphethiloli ibe yinhle kakhulu futhi ukusha kube ngcono kakhulu.
– Ukujova okuningi (ukujova komshayeli, ukujova okuyinhloko, ukujova ngemva komshini) okwenza ukushisa kube lula, kunciphisa umsindo “wokushaya udizili”, futhi kusiza ukulawula ukukhishwa komoya ongcolile.
– Impendulo engcono yenjini nge-rpm ehlukahlukene kanye nemithwalo.
Ubuchwepheshe besimanje bedizili buvame ukuhlanganiswa nama-turbocharger, ama-intercooler, ama-Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), ama-Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF), kanye nama-Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa komoya.
Izingxenye Ezibalulekile Kuhlelo Lokujova
Ukuze uhlelo lokujova lusebenze kahle, izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile kumele zisebenze kahle:
– Iphampu kaphethiloli: Kuphethiloli ngokuvamile ifakwa ethangini ngengcindezi ethile; ku-GDI kanye nedizili kukhona iphampu eyengeziwe enengcindezi ephezulu.
– I-Injector: I-solenoid noma i-piezoelectric valve evula futhi ivale ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukuma kwe-nozzle kunquma iphethini yokufafaza.
– Isitimela sikaphethiloli kanye nomlawuli wokucindezela: Kugcina ukunikezwa kanye nokucindezela okuzinzile.
– Izinzwa zenjini: Zisebenza “njengezinzwa” ze-ECU ukuze kunqunywe izidingo zomjovo.
– I-ECU/ECM: Ubuchopho besistimu obusebenzisa imephu yokujova (imephu kaphethiloli), ukulungiswa kwezinga lokushisa, ukulungiswa kokuphakama, kanye nesu lokukhipha ukungcola.
Izinzuzo Zezinjini Zokujova Uma Ziqhathaniswa Nezinhlelo Ezivamile
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zobuchwepheshe bokufaka uphethiloli zifaka:
1. Ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli kuyanda ngoba ingxube ihambisana kahle nezidingo.
2. Ukusebenza okuvumelanayo kuzo zonke izimo zezulu nokuphakama okuhlukahlukene.
3. Ukukhishwa okuphansi ngenxa yokushisa okuphelele kanye nokulawulwa okulula kwe-catalyst.
4. Kulula ukuqala ikakhulukazi uma kubanda, ngoba i-ECU ingacebisa ingxube ngendlela elinganisiwe.
5. Impendulo engcono yenjini ngoba uphethiloli ungalungiswa ngokushesha uma umshayeli enyathela i-pedal yegesi.
Izinselele Nokugcinwa Kwezinhlelo Zokujova
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zalo, uhlelo lokujova luphinde lube nezinselele: izindleko eziphezulu zezingxenye, ukuzwela ikhwalithi kaphethiloli, kanye nesidingo sokuxilonga ngeskena. Ama-injector angavaleka ngamadiphozithi, iphampu ingase ibe buthaka, noma izinzwa zinganikeza izimpawu ezingamanga, okuholela ekuxubeni kukaphethiloli okungafanele. Izimpawu ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kabi kukaphethiloli, ukuntengantenga kwenjini, ubunzima bokuqala, noma ukwehla kwamandla.
Ukulungiswa okunconywayo kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa uphethiloli osezingeni eliphezulu, ukushintsha izihlungi ngesikhathi, ukuhlanza ama-injector uma kudingeka, kanye nokuhlolwa kukagesi kanye nezinzwa. Ezinjinini zesimanje ze-GDI kanye nedizili, ukukhethwa kukawoyela kanye nezikhawu zesevisi nakho kubalulekile ngoba kuthinta ukwakheka kwediphozithi kanye nobude besikhathi sezingxenye.
Ikusasa Lobuchwepheshe Bokufaka Uphethiloli
Naphezu kokukhula komkhuba wezimoto zikagesi, izinjini zokushisa zangaphakathi zizohlala zisetshenziswa isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni zezentengiselwano, ezindaweni ezinengqalasizinda kagesi elinganiselwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-hybrid. Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka buzoqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa ngokucindezela okuphezulu, ukulawula okunembile, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nezinhlelo zokuphatha injini ezisekelwe ekuhlakanipheni kokwenziwa kanye nezinzwa ezinembe kakhudlwana. Kuphethiloli, ukuthuthukiswa kugxile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-GDI, ukunciphisa izinhlayiya ezincane, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-dual injection (MPI + GDI). Kudizili, ukuthuthukiswa kwamasu okushisa avamile kanye nokuhlanza kuzoqhubeka nokusunduzwa ukuze kuncishiswe i-NOx kanye nezinhlayiya.
Ekuphetheni, ubuchwepheshe benjini yokujova uphethiloli buyisihluthulelo sokufeza izimoto ezisebenzisa uphethiloli ngendlela eyonga kakhulu, enamandla, futhi ezinobungani nemvelo. Ngokulawula okunembile kokunikezwa kukaphethiloli, ukujova kuvula amathuba okusha okushiswa okungenakwenzeka ngezinhlelo ezivamile. Kubasebenzisi, ukuqonda izimiso eziyisisekelo zokujova kusiza nasekugcinweni nasekukhethweni kukaphethiloli okufanele ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside.
