Isakhiwo kanye Nomsebenzi Wesistimu Yokuphefumula Yomuntu
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu luyisistimu ebalulekile ephethe ukuhlinzeka nge-oxygen kuwo wonke umzimba kanye nokususa i-carbon dioxide njengomkhiqizo ongcolile. Lolu hlelo luqukethe izingxenye eziningana ezibalulekile ezisebenza ngokubambisana ukuqinisekisa ukuphefumula okuphumelelayo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ngokujulile isakhiwo kanye nomsebenzi wohlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu, kanye nokuthi kungani lubaluleke kangaka ekusindeni.
Ukwakheka Kwesistimu Yokuphefumula
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu lungahlukaniswa izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko: umgudu wokuphefumula ophezulu kanye nomgudu wokuphefumula ongezansi.
Indlela Yokuphefumula Ephezulu
1. Ikhala kanye Nomgodi Wekhala
– Impumulo iyindawo eyinhloko yokungena komoya ovela endaweni engaphandle ungene emzimbeni. Isebenza njengesihlungi esiyinhloko, ibamba izinhlayiya zothuli kanye nama-microorganisms, futhi ifudumeza umoya ngaphambi kokuba ungene ohlelweni lokuphefumula.
– Umgodi wempumulo uqukethe izinwele ezincane kanye ne-mucus ezisebenza ukubamba izinhlayiya zangaphandle.
2. Umphimbo (Umphimbo)
– I-pharynx iyindlela evamile yokungena komoya nokudla, etholakala ngemuva komgodi wamakhala nomlomo. Iqondisa umoya uye elangeni bese ukudla kuya emqaleni.
3. I-Larynx (Ibhokisi Lezwi)
– I-larynx itholakala phakathi kwe-pharynx ne-trachea. Esinye sezingxenye ezibalulekile ze-larynx yizintambo zezwi, ezisenza sikwazi ukukhuluma.
Indlela Yokuphefumula Ephansi
1. I-Trachea (Umbhobho Womoya)
– I-trachea iyipayipi elixhumanisa i-larynx ne-bronchi. Iqukethe izindandatho ze-cartilage ezihlinzeka ngesakhiwo futhi zigcine i-trachea ivulekile.
2. I-Bronchi kanye ne-Bronchioles
– I-trachea ihlukana ibe yi-bronchi ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-bronchi yesokudla neyakwesobunxele, ngayinye iholela ephashini. I-bronchi ibe isihlukana ibe yi-bronchioles encane neningi ngaphakathi kwamaphaphu.
3. Amaphaphu
– Amaphaphu ayizitho eziyinhloko ohlelweni lokuphefumula, aqukethe izigidi zama-alveoli, amasaka amancane omoya lapho kwenzeka khona ukushintshana kwegesi. Iphaphu lesokudla linama-lobe amathathu, kanti iphaphu lesobunxele linama-lobe amabili okwamukela inhliziyo.
4. I-Diaphragm
– I-diaphragm iyisicubu esimise okwedome esitholakala ngaphansi kwamaphaphu esidlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokuphefumula ngokusiza ekulawuleni umfutho womoya esifubeni kanye nokucindezela umoya ungene futhi uphume emaphashini.
Imisebenzi Yesistimu Yokuphefumula
Ukushintshaniswa Kwegesi
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wesistimu yokuphefumula ukushintshana kwegesi, okuhilela ukuletha umoya-mpilo egazini nokususa i-carbon dioxide emzimbeni. Le nqubo yenzeka kuma-alveoli emaphashini. Umoya esiwuphefumulayo uqukethe umoya-mpilo, othuthwa uye kuma-alveoli, lapho usakazeka khona ungene egazini ngama-capillary azungeze i-alveoli.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-carbon dioxide, okuwumkhiqizo ongcolile wokusebenza kwamaseli, isakazeka egazini iye e-alveoli bese ikhishwa emzimbeni lapho sikhipha umoya.
Ukulawulwa kwe-pH yegazi
Uhlelo lokuphefumula luphinde ludlale indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni i-pH yegazi ngokukhipha i-carbon dioxide, encibilika egazini ukuze yakhe i-carbonic acid. Ngokukhipha i-carbon dioxide, uhlelo lokuphefumula lusiza ekugcineni ibhalansi ye-acid-base yomzimba.
Perlindungan
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela ukuvimbela amagciwane kanye nezinhlayiya eziyingozi ukuthi zingangeni emzimbeni. Isibonelo, izinwele ezincane kanye ne-mucus embotsheni yekhala kusebenza njengesihlungi sokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhwehlela kanye nokusabela kokuthimula kusiza ukukhipha izinhlayiya zangaphandle emigwaqweni yomoya. Ama-alveoli aqukethe nama-macrophage, amangqamuzana omzimba athumba futhi abhubhise amagciwane afinyelela emaphashini.
Ukukhiqizwa Komsindo
I-larynx, equkethe izintambo zezwi, idlala indima ekukhiqizweni kwezwi. Umoya odlula ezintanjeni zezwi ubangela ukuba zidlidlize, ukhiqize umsindo. Ukucindezeleka kwezintambo zezwi kungalungiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe amaphimbo ahlukene, okusivumela ukuthi sikhulume, sihlabelele, futhi sikhiqize imisindo eyahlukahlukene.
Ukulawula Izinga Lokushisa Nokumanzisa
Ikhala kanye nomgodi wamakhala kusebenza ekufudumaleni nasekufumiseni umoya ophefumulayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukucasuka nokomisa kwezicubu ezithambile ngaphakathi kwendlela yokuphefumula. Ukufudumala kanye nomswakama ofanele kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu noma ezomile.
Izifo Nezinkinga Zesistimu Yokuphefumula
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lungathinteka yizifo nezifo ezahlukahlukene ezingathinta ukusebenza kwalo. Ezinye zalezi zifo zifaka:
1. Isifuba somoya
– Isifo esingamahlalakhona lapho imigudu yomoya ivuvukala futhi inciphe, okubangela ubunzima bokuphefumula, ukukhwehlela kanye nokuphefumula kanzima.
2. I-Bronchitis
– Ukuvuvukala kwe-bronchi okubangela ukukhwehlela, ubunzima bokuphefumula, kanye nobuhlungu besifuba. Kungaba okubukhali noma okungamahlalakhona.
3. I-pneumonia
– Izifo ezibangela ukuvuvukala kwe-alveoli, ngokuvamile ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane, noma isikhunta.
4. I-Emphysema
– Isimo esingamahlalakhona esilimaza i-alveoli futhi sinciphise ukunwebeka kwamaphaphu, okwenza kube nzima ukushintshanisa igesi.
5. Umdlavuza Wamaphaphu
– Isifo lapho amangqamuzana emaphashini ekhula ngokungalawuleki, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nokubhema noma ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi.
Isiphetho
Uhlelo lokuphefumula lomuntu luyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi nebalulekile enezakhiwo nemisebenzi ehlukahlukene eqinisekisa ukuthi imizimba yethu ithola umoya-mpilo ewudingayo ukuze iphile futhi isebenze kahle. Kusukela ekhaleni kuya ku-diaphragm, ingxenye ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile enkambisweni yokuphefumula kanye nokulawulwa kwebhalansi yegesi emzimbeni. Ukufunda nokuqonda lolu hlelo akugcini nje ngokunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela imizimba yethu esebenza ngayo kodwa futhi kukhanyisa nokubaluleka kokulondoloza impilo yokuphefumula ngendlela yokuphila enempilo nokugwema izinto eziyingozi njengokubhema nokungcola komoya. Ngale ndlela, singagcina ukusebenza kahle kwalolu hlelo olubalulekile kanye, ngalo, impilo yethu yansuku zonke kanye nenhlalakahle.
