Amasu Okucubungula Amasignali ku-Biomedicine
I-Pendahuluan
Ukucubungula isignali yezokwelapha kuyigatsha lesayensi elihlanganisa amasu okucubungula isignali nezinhlelo zokusebenza zezokwelapha. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe namathuluzi okuxilonga asekelwe ekucutshungulweni kwesignali yezokwelapha manje ivumela ukuxilongwa okusheshayo nokunembile futhi ihlose ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokunakekelwa kwempilo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamasu ahlukahlukene okucubungula isignali kwezokwelapha zezokwelapha kanye nezinhlelo zawo emkhakheni wezokwelapha.
Izinhlobo Zezimpawu Zezokwelapha
Izimpawu ze-biomedical zifaka izinhlobo ezahlukene zezibonakaliso ezikhiqizwa ngumzimba womuntu, njenge:
1. I-Electrocardiogram (ECG): Izimpawu zikagesi ezikhiqizwa umsebenzi wenhliziyo.
2. I-Electroencephalogram (EEG): Izimpawu zikagesi ezikhiqizwa umsebenzi wobuchopho.
3. I-Electromyogram (EMG): Izimpawu zikagesi ezikhiqizwa umsebenzi wemisipha.
4. I-Photoplethysmogram (PPG): Isignali yokubona emele izinguquko kumthamo wegazi.
5. isignali ye-fMRI: Isignali ekhiqizwa yi-MRI ukuze ihlele umsebenzi wobuchopho.
Izigaba Zokucubungula Izimpawu Zezokwelapha
1. Ukutholwa Kwesignali
Isigaba sokuqala ekucutshungulweni kwesignali yezokwelapha ukutholwa kwesignali. Kulesi sigaba, izimpawu zezokwelapha zibanjwa kusetshenziswa izinzwa noma ama-electrode axhunywe ezindaweni ezifanele zomzimba wesiguli. Ikhwalithi yesignali yokuqala ibalulekile, njengoba izothinta ikhwalithi yokuhlaziywa okulandelayo.
2. Ukucubungula kusengaphambili
Ukucubungula kusengaphambili kuhlose ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesiginali eqoshwayo. Ngezindlela ezinjengokuhlunga, ukususa umsindo, kanye nokwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile, isiginali ingalungiselelwa ukuhlaziywa okwengeziwe.
3. Ukukhishwa Kwesici
Ukukhishwa kwesici kuyinqubo yokuhlukanisa ulwazi olubalulekile kumasignali angavuthiwe. Isibonelo, ku-ECG, izici ezifana nesikhawu esiphakathi kwamagagasi e-P ne-QRS zingalinganiswa ukuze kutholakale ama-arrhythmia.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuhlaziywa
Uma izici sezitholiwe, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlukanisa nokuhlaziya izimpawu ukuze kutholakale ulwazi lwezokwelapha okuwusizo. Ukufunda ngomshini nokufunda okujulile kuvame ukusetshenziswa kulesi sigaba.
5. Ukuhunyushwa Nokuxilongwa
Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa ibe isihunyushwa ukuze kusizwe udokotela ekuxilongeni nasekuhleleni ukwelashwa. Ukuhumusha okunembile kubalulekile, njengoba kuzonquma izinyathelo ezilandelayo zezokwelapha.
Amasu Okucubungula Izimpawu Zezokwelapha
1. Ukuguqulwa Okune
I-Fourier transform isetshenziselwa ukuguqula izimpawu endaweni yesikhathi ziye endaweni yemvamisa. Le ndlela iwusizo ekuhlaziyeni izingxenye zemvamisa zezimpawu ze-biomedical, njengokuphindaphinda kwenhliziyo noma umsebenzi wobuchopho.
2. Ukuhlaziywa Kokuguqulwa Kwamagagasi
Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo samagagasi okusheshayo kusetshenziselwa ukukhipha ulwazi lwesikhathi kanye nolwemvamisa ngasikhathi sinye. Le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu kumasignali ezokwelapha angami, njenge-EEG.
3. Isihlungi Sedijithali
Izihlungi zedijithali (njengezihlungi ezisebenzisa i-low-pass, i-high-pass, noma i-band-pass) zisetshenziselwa ukususa umsindo noma izingxenye ezingafuneki esignalini.
4. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezingxenye Eziyinhloko (i-PCA)
I-PCA isetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ubukhulu bedatha eyinkimbinkimbi ibe yizingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhlaziya.
5. Ukufunda Komshini Nokufunda Okujulile
Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini (njenge-SVM, i-Decision Trees) kanye nokufunda okujulile (njenge-CNN, i-RNN) asetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa okuzenzakalelayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimpawu zezokwelapha.
Izicelo Zokucubungula Izimpawu ku-Biomedicine
1. Ukuxilongwa Kwesifo Senhliziyo Nemithambo Yegazi
Izimpawu ze-ECG zisetshenziselwa ukuthola izifo zenhliziyo ezahlukahlukene ezifana ne-arrhythmias, ischemia, kanye ne-myocardial infarction. Amasu afana ne-Fourier transforms kanye nokufunda komshini kusiza ekuboneni amaphethini angajwayelekile ezimpawini ze-ECG.
2. Isiqaphi Sokulala kanye Nekhwalithi Yokulala
Izimpawu ze-EEG kanye ne-EOG (electrooculogram) zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha imijikelezo yokulala nokuhlaziya izinkinga zokulala ezifana ne-sleep apnea. Amasu okuhlaziya Amagagasi asheshayo (ama-wavelet) kanye nokufunda komshini kusetshenziswa ukuhlukanisa izigaba zokulala.
3. Ukuvuselelwa Kwemisipha Yezinzwa
Izimpawu ze-EMG zisetshenziswa ekuvuseleleni imisipha ukuze kuqashwe futhi kuhlolwe ukusebenza kwemisipha. Izihlungi zedijithali zivame ukusetshenziswa ukususa umsindo, kuyilapho i-PCA kanye nokufunda komshini kusetshenziswa hlaziya idatha Ngaphezu kwalokho.
4. Ukuqapha Okungahlaseli Kwemvelo
Amasignali e-PPG asetshenziselwa ukuqapha izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukugcwala komoya-mpilo, kanye nezinye izilinganiso zomzimba. Izihlungi zedijithali kanye nokufunda komshini kusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwedatha yokukhipha.
5. Ukuxilongwa Kwesifo Sobuchopho
Izimpawu ze-EEG zisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izifo zezinzwa ezifana nesifo sokuwa, i-schizophrenia, kanye ne-ADHD. Amasu anjenge-Fourier transforms, ama-wavelet, kanye nokufunda okujulile asetshenziswa ukuthola amaphethini angajwayelekile emsebenzini wobuchopho.
Izinselele Ekucubungulweni Kwesignali Yezokwelapha
1. Umsindo kanye nezinto zobuciko
Umsindo nezinto zobuciko ezivela emithonjeni yangaphandle noma emzimbeni ngokwawo zivame ukuphazamisa ukutholwa kwesignali yezokwelapha. Le nselele idinga ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okuhlunga ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nama-algorithms okuthola izinto zobuciko.
2. Ukungaguquguquki kanye nokuzala kabusha
Ukwehluka phakathi komuntu ngamunye kwezimpawu zezokwelapha kwenza kube nzima ukukhiqiza imiphumela ehambisanayo. Ama-algorithm asetshenziswayo kumele akwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalokhu kwehluka.
3. Ukuhunyushwa Kwemininingwane Eyinkimbinkimbi
Amasu amaningi okuhlaziya akhiqiza idatha eyinkimbinkimbi okunzima kochwepheshe bezokwelapha ukuyichaza. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka uhlelo olungagcini nje ngokuba olunembile kodwa futhi olusebenziseka kalula.
4. Real-time Processing
Ukucutshungulwa kwesignali yezokwelapha kuvame ukudinga ukucutshungulwa ngesikhathi sangempela, okudinga isivinini kanye nokusebenza kahle ekutholeni nasekuhlaziyeni isignali.
Isiphetho
Ukucubungula isignali yezokwelapha kuyinkambu eguquguqukayo futhi eshintsha ngokushesha, enikeza amasu ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zezokwelapha. Kusukela ekuxilongweni kwezifo zenhliziyo kuya ekuvuselelweni kwemisipha yemizwa, ukucubungula isignali yezokwelapha kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amazinga okunakekelwa kwempilo. Naphezu kwezinselele eziningi, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nama-algorithms okuhlaziya izoqhubeka nokucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka, okusisondeza kakhulu ekuxilongweni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokwelashwa okungcono kwezokwelapha.
