Ukuhlaziywa Kobudlelwano Bamazwe Ngamazwe Kusetshenziswa Ithiyori Yenkululeko
Ithiyori yenkululeko iyindlela eyinhloko ocwaningweni lwe-International Relations (IR), enikeza umbono onethemba mayelana nokwenzeka kokubambisana phakathi kwezizwe. Ngokungafani nombono ongokoqobo, ogcizelela umzabalazo wamandla kanye nokungqubuzana njengezimo "zemvelo" zesimiso samazwe ngamazwe, i-liberalism ibona izifundazwe kanye nabanye abalingisi njengabakwazi ukwakha ukuhleleka okuhlelekile ngezikhungo, izindinganiso, ukuhweba, kanye nentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngendlela ithiyori yenkululeko esetshenziswa ngayo ukuhlaziya ukuguquguquka kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, kufaka phakathi ukucabanga kwayo okuyisisekelo, amathuluzi okuhlaziya, kanye nezibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwayo ezindabeni zomhlaba zanamuhla.
Ukucabanga Okuyisisekelo Kwemfundiso Yenkululeko Ebudlelwaneni Bamazwe Ngamazwe
Ngokomlando, ukukhululeka kusekelwe emicabangweni yezazi zefilosofi ezifana noJohn Locke no-Immanuel Kant. UKant, ikakhulukazi, waziwa ngomqondo wakhe wokuthula okuphakade, owagcizelela izinsika ezintathu: i-republic/democracy, ukuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Ezifundweni zanamuhla zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhululeka kuye kwathuthuka kwaba izinhlobo eziningana, njengokukhululeka kwezikhungo, ukukhululeka kwezohwebo (ukuhweba), kanye nokukhululeka kwentando yeningi.
Inkolelo eyinhloko yenkolelo-mbono yenkululeko ukuthi abantu kanye nezifundazwe azinalo ulaka ngokwemvelo; ziyakwazi ukwenza isenzo esinengqondo ukuze zifeze izintshisekelo zazo ezifanayo. Ingxabano ingenzeka, kodwa akuyona into engenakugwenywa. Inkululeko yenkululeko iphinde yenqabe umbono wokuthi izifundazwe yizo kuphela ezidlala indima ebalulekile. Izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ama-NGO, abezindaba, ngisho nombono womphakathi wakha inqubomgomo yezangaphandle kanye nokuguquguquka komhlaba wonke.
Abadlali Nezintshisekelo: Izifundazwe Azihlali Zingashadile Futhi Zifana
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile yenkululeko ukunaka kwayo kwezepolitiki zasekhaya. Umbuso awubhekwa njenge "black box" ehlala isebenza ngendlela efanayo. Inqubomgomo yezangaphandle ivela ezinqubweni zangaphakathi: izintshisekelo ezincintisanayo zabantu abaphezulu, ingcindezi yomphakathi, indima yamaqembu ezepolitiki, ukuguquguquka kwezomnotho, kanye nethonya lamaqembu anentshisekelo. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, izintshisekelo zesizwe azikaguquki, kodwa kunalokho umphumela wokuxoxisana kanye nokuphikisana ngaphakathi kwezwe.
Isibonelo, inqubomgomo yezohwebo yezwe ivame ukuthonywa yizimboni eziqondisayo, izinhlangano zebhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zabasebenzi. Ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izintshisekelo ezingqubuzanayo phakathi kwemikhakha yamafutha emvelo kanye namandla avuselelekayo zingabangela izinqubomgomo zangaphandle eziguquguqukayo, ezibeka engcupheni, noma eziphikisanayo.
Ukubambisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe kanye Nendima Yezikhungo
Ukugxila okuyinhloko kwe-liberalism ukuthi ukubambisana kungenzeka kanjani naphezu kokungalawuleki kohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe (ngaphandle kwegunya elibusayo lomhlaba wonke). Lapha, i-liberalism yezikhungo ichaza ukuthi izikhungo kanye nemigomo yamazwe ngamazwe iyasiza ekunciphiseni ukungaqiniseki, yehlise izindleko zokuthengiselana, inikeze izindlela zokucaca, futhi idale imithetho ebikezelwayo.
Izinhlangano ezifana ne-United Nations (UN), i-World Trade Organisation (WTO), i-International Monetary Fund (IMF), kanye nezivumelwano zesifunda ezahlukahlukene zisebenza njengezindawo zokuxoxisana kanye nabalawuli bokuziphatha kombuso. Izikhungo aziqedi izingxabano, kodwa zandisa amathuba okuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula futhi zinciphise izisusa zesenzo sohlangothi olulodwa.
Ngokwesibonelo, esimweni sokuphepha, ukusungula izindlela zokuthembana nokungafihli lutho ngezivumelwano zokulawula izikhali kunganciphisa ingozi yokungaqondi kahle. Esimweni somnotho, imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe ivimbela ukuvikelwa ngokweqile okungase kubangele impi yezohwebo ende.
Ukuncika kanye Nokuhweba Njengabaqhubi Bokuthula
Ukukhululeka kwezentengiselwano kugcizelela ukuthi ukuthembela kwezomnotho kwamanye amazwe kwandisa izindleko zengxabano. Lapho amazwe encike komunye nomunye ezindleleni zokunikezela, ekutshalweni kwezimali, kanye nasekuhwebeni, aqaphela kakhulu ngokubhubhisa ubudlelwano obunenzuzo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuhweba kanye nokuhwebelana komhlaba wonke kungasebenza njengesithiyo ekukhuleni kwengxabano.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhululeka kwezomnotho akusho ukuthi ukuhweba kuhlala kuletha ukuvumelana. Ukuthembela okungalingani kungadala ubuthakathaka kanye nokuncintisana kokulawula ubuchwepheshe kanye nezimakethe. Noma kunjalo, umbono wenkululeko ungaphikisana ngokuthi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu akusikho ukunqamula ubudlelwano, kodwa ukuqinisa imithetho, ukuhlukanisa abalingani, kanye nokusungula izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano.
Isibonelo esibonakalayo singabonakala ekubambisaneni kwezomnotho kwesifunda, njenge-European Union, eyakhelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwezomnotho kwangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Naphezu kokubhekana nezingcindezi zezombusazwe zangaphakathi kanye nezinkinga (njengenkinga yezezimali noma izinkinga zokufuduka), lo msebenzi wokuhlanganiswa ubonise ukuthi ukuxhumana kwezomnotho kanye nezikhungo ezihlanganyelwe kungadala ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside esifundeni esasivame ukuba nempi ngaphambili.
Intando yeningi kanye nomqondo "wokuthula kwentando yeningi"
Esinye sezinsolo ezaziwa kakhulu ngethiyori yenkululeko yithiyori yokuthula yentando yeningi, umqondo wokuthi imibuso yentando yeningi cishe ayinakulwa yodwa. Izizathu zalokhu ziyahlukahluka: izindlela zokuziphendulela komphakathi zenza kube nzima ngabaholi bentando yeningi ukuhlanganisa impi; izindinganiso zentando yeningi zokuvumelana nokuxoxisana zidlulela enqubweni yezangaphandle; futhi ulwazi oluvulekile lunciphisa ukusola.
Nakuba le mbono iphikiswana kakhulu—ngokwesibonelo, imibuso yentando yeningi isengayilwa impi nemiphakathi engeyona eyentando yeningi—inkululeko ibheka ukusabalala kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi, amalungelo abantu, kanye nokubusa okuzibophezelayo njengezici ezibalulekile ekudaleni ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke okunokuthula.
Empeleni, ukukhuthazwa kwentando yeningi kuvame ukungqubuzana nezimiso zobukhosi, izintshisekelo zezwe, kanye namaqiniso ezenhlalo ezwe eliqondiwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa okucatshangelwe kahle kwenkululeko kuvame ukucabanga ukuthi ukubusa ngentando yeningi kudinga izikhungo eziqinile, ukubusa komthetho, kanye nokuba semthethweni kwezenhlalo, hhayi ukhetho nje kuphela.
Ukukhululeka Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezinkinga Zanamuhla
Ithiyori yenkululeko ingasetshenziswa ukufunda izindaba ezahlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba wonke:
1. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ukukhululeka kugcizelela isidingo sokubambisana kwamazwe amaningi ngezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke njengeSivumelwano saseParis. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyisibonelo esivelele senkinga yesenzo esihlangene—wonke amazwe ayazuza ekuzinzeni kwesimo sezulu, kodwa ngalinye linesizathu “sokuhamba ngokukhululeka.” Izikhungo kanye nezindlela zokubika ziyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukisa ukuthobela imithetho kanye nokucaca.
2. Ubhubhane kanye nempilo yomhlaba wonke
Ubhubhane lukhombisile ukuthi izinsongo zokuphepha azisekho kuphela kwezempi. AmaLiberal athi ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukushintshana kwedatha, kanye nokuqinisa izikhungo zezempilo zomhlaba wonke kubalulekile. Ukubambisana ocwaningweni lokugoma, ukusatshalaliswa kwempahla, kanye nezinqubo zokuhamba ngaphesheya kwemingcele kukhombisa isidingo sezikhungo ezikwazi ukubhekana nezinkinga ngaphesheya kwemingcele.
3. Ukuhweba, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezintambo zokuhlinzeka
Emncintiswaneni wezobuchwepheshe womhlaba wonke, ubushiqela bukholelwa ukuthi ukuhweba okuvulekile kanye nokubambisana kwesayensi kuholela entuthukweni. Kodwa-ke, kuyaqaphela nesidingo somthethonqubo, amazinga omhlaba wonke, kanye nokuvikelwa ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwezobuchwepheshe. Izikhungo zomhlaba wonke noma izivumelwano zesifunda zinganikeza isivumelwano esinciphisa ingozi yokungqubuzana.
4. Ukuxazululwa kwengxabano nokungezwani
I-Liberalism ibheka izingxoxo zobumbano, ukulamula, kanye nemisebenzi yokulondoloza ukuthula njengezinto ezibalulekile. Indima yezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke nezesifunda (isib. i-ASEAN, i-African Union, noma i-OSCE) ingasiza ekukhuthazeni ingxoxo nokuqeda ubudlova. Nakuba ingaphumeleli ngaso sonke isikhathi, lezi zindlela zinikeza enye indlela esikhundleni sezixazululo zempi.
Ukugxekwa Kwenkolelo-mbono Yenkululeko
Naphezu kwethonya layo elibalulekile, inkolelo-mbono yenkululeko ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Abantu abakholelwa emaqinisweni babheka inkolelo-mbono njengethemba elikhulu ngokweqile futhi beyibukela phansi ipolitiki yamandla. Izikhungo zomhlaba wonke, ngokusho kwalaba bagxeki, zisebenza kuphela uma zisekelwa yizizwe ezinamandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncika kwezomnotho kungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokucindezela kwezepolitiki, hhayi nje njengesikhuthazo sokuthula.
Okunye ukugxekwa kuvela emibonweni ebucayi neyangemva kobukoloni, eqokomisa ukuthi ukuhleleka kwenkululeko yomhlaba wonke kuvame ukubonakalisa izintshisekelo zamazwe athuthukile. Izikhungo zomnotho zomhlaba wonke ngezinye izikhathi zibonakala zikhuthaza izinqubomgomo ezizuzisa amaqembu athile, kuyilapho amazwe asathuthuka ebhekene namandla amancane kanye nendawo yenqubomgomo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwenkululeko kwanamuhla kuhlanganisa kakhulu izindaba zokungalingani komhlaba wonke, ubulungiswa, kanye nokumelwa ekubuseni kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yenkululeko inikeza uhlaka olunamandla lokuhlaziya ukuqonda ukuthi kungani futhi kwenzeka kanjani ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokugcizelela indima yezikhungo, ukuthembela kwezomnotho, intando yeningi, kanye nabadlali abangebona ohulumeni, i-liberalism isiza ukuchaza ukuguquguquka komhlaba wonke okunganqunywa kuphela ngamandla ezempi. Kubacwaningi nabasebenza nge-IR, ithiyori yenkululeko iwusizo ekubhekaneni nezinkinga eziwela imingcele—njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubhubhane, ukuhweba, kanye nezingxabano—ezifuna izixazululo ezihlangene kanye nokubusa okwabiwe. Kodwa-ke, i-liberalism idinga ukuhlolwa ngokujulile njalo ukuze kugwenywe ukunganaki amaqiniso okungalingani, ukuncintisana okunesu, kanye nemikhawulo yezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ekubhekaneni nezinselele zomhlaba oshintshayo.
