Indlela Yokufumanisa Umgangatho Wamanzi Angaphantsi Komhlaba
Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ngomnye wemithombo yamanzi acocekileyo esetyenziswa kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezingenazo iinkonzo zamanzi ahamba ngemibhobho. Imizi emininzi ixhomekeke kwimigodi eyombiweyo okanye eyombiweyo ukuze iselwe, iphekwe, ihlanjwe, kwanokuhlamba. Nangona kunjalo, ayingawo onke amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akhuselekileyo ukuwasebenzisa. Umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba unokwehla ngenxa yeemeko zejoloji, imisebenzi yabantu , inkunkuma yasekhaya, ishishini, ezolimo, okanye ukungena kwamanzi olwandle. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela yokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kokubini ngokujonga kokuqala kunye novavanyo lwelebhu.
1. Qonda imithombo kunye neengozi zongcoliseko lwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba
Inyathelo lokuqala ekufumaneni umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kukuqonda apho avela khona amanzi kunye neengozi zawo ezinokubakho. Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba enziwa kukungena kwamanzi emvula, angena emhlabeni aze agcinwe emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba. Ngexesha lohambo lwawo, amanzi anokunyibilikisa iiminerali zendalo ezifana nesinyithi, i-manganese, okanye ilayimu. Oku akusoloko kuyingozi, kodwa kunokuchaphazela incasa, ivumba, kunye nenkangeleko yamanzi.
Umngcipheko wongcoliseko uyanda ukuba iqula likufutshane netanki yokuthuthwa kwamanzi amdaka, indawo yokulahla inkunkuma yasekhaya, iintlanti zemfuyo, amasimi erayisi anezichumisi zeekhemikhali, okanye iindawo zoshishino. Ngaphezu koko, iindawo ezikunxweme zisengozini yokungena kwamanzi olwandle, nto leyo eyenza amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba abe netyuwa. Ukujonga imeko-bume ejikeleze iqula kunceda ukuqikelela ukuba zeziphi izinto ezingcolisayo ezinokubakho.
2. Uvavanyo lomzimba : umbala, ivumba, incasa, kunye nokudumba
Uvavanyo lomzimba yeyona ndlela ilula nengabizi kakhulu yokubonisa kwangaphambili. Nangona lungenakuthatha indawo yovavanyo lwelabhoratri, lubalulekile ekufumaneni iingxaki ezibonakalayo.
– Umbala wamanzi: Amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba acocekileyo ngokubanzi. Umbala otyheli okanye onsundu ungabonisa ukuba kukho intsimbi eninzi okanye i-manganese. Umbala onamafu ungabonisa amasuntswana omhlaba, udaka, okanye ungcoliseko.
– Ivumba: Ivumba leqanda elifana nentlanzi, elifana nomhlaba, okanye elibolileyo (i-hydrogen sulfide) linokubonisa ingxaki yeekhemikhali okanye yebhayoloji. Ivumba lelindle okanye lelindle libonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ungcoliseko lwasekhaya.
– Incasa: Incasa enetyuwa ingabonisa ukungena kwamanzi olwandle okanye amanqanaba aphezulu e-chloride. Incasa ekrakra okanye emuncu inganxulunyaniswa umxholo weeminerali Nangona kunjalo, akukhuthazwa ukungcamla amanzi angavavanywanga ukuba kukho ukurhaneleka kokungcola.
– Ukungcolisa: Amanzi angcolisa akagcini nje ngokuba mhle kodwa anokukhusela neentsholongwane kwiintsholongwane. Ukuba amanzi afumile emva kwemvula, kunokubakho ukuvuza okanye amanzi angaphezulu angene equleni.
3. Ukulinganisa iiparameter ezilula ngezixhobo zasentsimini
Ngoku kukho izixhobo zovavanyo ezilula ezininzi ezifumanekayo ezinokusetyenziswa ekhaya okanye ebaleni. Ezi azichanekanga njengovavanyo lwelebhu, kodwa ziluncedo njengesixhobo sokuqala sokuvavanya.
– i-pH (inqanaba le-asidi): I-pH eqhelekileyo yamanzi idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-6,5 kunye ne-8,5. Amanzi ane-asidi kakhulu anokubangela ukubola kwemibhobho aze anyibilikise isinyithi, ngelixa amanzi ane-alkaline kakhulu anokubangela incasa engathandekiyo kunye nentlenge.
– TDS (Izinto Ezinyibilikisiweyo Zizonke): TDS ibonisa ubungakanani bezinto ezinyibilikisiweyo ezifana neeminerali kunye neetyuwa. I-TDS ephezulu ingenza amanzi abe nencasa yetyuwa okanye "enzima" kwaye ibonisa umxholo weeminerali ogqithisileyo.
– Ukuqhuba kombane (EC): Ngokubanzi kuhambelana ne-TDS. I-EC ephezulu idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni okanye kwiindawo ezinetyuwa eninzi.
– Ubushushu: Utshintsho olungaqhelekanga lobushushu lunokubonisa impembelelo yamanzi angaphezulu okanye iimeko zemithombo ezingakhuselekanga kakuhle.
Ngokurekhoda iziphumo zokulinganisa rhoqo, ungabona iindlela zokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi ngokuhamba kwexesha.
4. Uvavanyo lweekhemikhali: isinyithi, i-manganese, i-nitrate, ubulukhuni, kunye neesinyithi ezinzima
Uvavanyo lweekhemikhali lubalulekile kuba ezinye iikhemikhali azinakubonwa ngembonakalo yodwa. Ezi parameter zilandelayo zihlala zivavanywa:
– I-Iron (Fe) kunye ne-manganese (Mn): Amanqanaba aphezulu abangela ukuba amanzi atshintshe abe mdaka ngombala otyheli, atshintshe iimpahla kunye neeseramikhi, aze avelise incasa nevumba elimnandi. Ezi azizotyhefu zibukhali, kodwa zinokuchaphazela umgangatho wamanzi kunye nokufakwa kwawo.
– IiNitrates kunye neeNitrites: Zidla ngokuvela kwizichumisi zezolimo okanye kwi-septic tank sepage. IiNitrates ziyingozi kakhulu kwiintsana kuba zinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwegazi (i-methemoglobinemia).
– Ukuqina (i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium): Ukuqina okuphezulu kubangela ukwakheka kwezikali kwizifudumezi zamanzi, imibhobho kunye nezixhobo zasekhaya kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuba isepha ifume.
– I-chloride kunye ne-sulfate: I-chloride ephezulu ibonisa amanzi anetyuwa okanye ukungena kolwandle. I-sulfate ephezulu inokubangela incasa ekrakra kwaye kwabanye abantu ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwesisu.
– Iimetali ezinzima (i-lead, i-arsenic, i-cadmium, i-mercury): Le yiparameter ebaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezikufutshane nemizi-mveliso, imigodi, okanye iindawo ezithile zejoloji. Iimetali ezinzima ziyingozi nokuba zikwizinga eliphantsi kwaye iziphumo zazo zihlala ixesha elide.
Uvavanyo lweekhemikhali kufuneka lwenziwe kwilabhoratri evunyiweyo ukuze iziphumo zithembeke.
5. Uvavanyo lwe-microbiological: I-E. coli kunye ne-coliform bacteria
Izinto ezibangela iintsholongwane zezona zinto zibalulekileyo xa kuselwa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Umthombo obonakala ucacile awusoloko ungenazo iintsholongwane. Ungcoliseko lweentsholongwane ludla ngokuvela kwindle yabantu okanye yezilwanyana.
– I-coliform iyonke: Isalathisi esiqhelekileyo songcoliseko lokusingqongileyo.
– I-E. coli: Isalathisi esithile sokungcola kwelindle, kunye nobukho balo bubonisa ukuba amanzi akakhuselekanga ukuwasela ngaphandle konyango.
Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo zifumana i-E. coli, amanzi kufuneka abulawe iintsholongwane kwaye kufuneka kufunyanwe umthombo wongcoliseko, umzekelo, iqula likufutshane kakhulu netanki ye-septic okanye iqula alakhiwanga kakuhle.
6. Hlola ulwakhiwo lwemithombo kunye nococeko
Ukuchonga umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kubandakanya okungaphezulu nje kokuvavanya amanzi ngokwawo, kodwa nokuhlola imeko yequla. Amaxesha amaninzi ongcoliseko lwenzeka kuba iqula alihlangabezani nemigangatho yococeko.
Izinto ekufuneka ziqatshelwe:
– Umphetho womthombo kufuneka ube phezulu kunomphezulu womhlaba ojikelezileyo ukuze amanzi aphumayo angangeni.
– Iqula kufuneka libe nomgangatho ongangeni manzi kunye nomjelo wokuhambisa amanzi ukuze amanzi asetyenzisiweyo angami.
– Iindonga zomngxuma okanye umbhobho wesikhongozeli kufuneka uqine ukuze amanzi angaphezulu angangeni.
– Umgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kwiitanki ze-septic, iipeni, okanye iitoti zenkunkuma kufuneka ube mkhulu ngokweengcebiso zasekuhlaleni (ngokubanzi okukhona umgama ungaphezulu kokukhona kungcono).
Umthombo olungileyo uya kukhusela amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ekungcolisweni ngokuthe ngqo.
7. Indlela yokuthatha isampuli yamanzi ngokuchanekileyo
Ukuchaneka kweziphumo zovavanyo kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwindlela yokuthatha iisampulu. Kwiimvavanyo zelebhu, sebenzisa ibhotile engenazintsholongwane evela elebhu kwaye ulandele le nkqubo:
1. Vumela amanzi aphume imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokuba uwasele (ingakumbi ukuba avela empompini).
2. Musa ukuyichukumisa ingaphakathi lesiciko okanye umlomo webhotile.
3. Zalisa ibhotile ngokwemiyalelo, ingakumbi kwiisampuli ze-microbiological.
4. Gcina iisampulu kwindawo ebandayo uze uzithumele kwilebhu ngokukhawuleza, kuba amanani eebhaktheriya anokutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Ukuba iisampulu zithathwa ngokungakhathali, iziphumo zinokuba necala kwaye zilahlekise.
8. Thelekisa nemigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi
Emva kokufumana iziphumo zovavanyo, zithelekise nemigangatho efanelekileyo, efana nemigangatho yomgangatho wamanzi acocekileyo namanzi okusela evela kwiiarhente zempilo okanye kwimigaqo yesizwe. Uvavanyo lomgangatho ludlula "ukuphumelela" okanye "ukusilela," kodwa lukwajonga ukuba zeziphi iiparameter ezidlula imida kunye nobungakanani beengozi. Ngokuhlamba nokuhlamba, ezinye iiparameter zinokunyamezeleka, kodwa emanzini okusela, iimfuno zinzima kakhulu.
9. Izisombululo ukuba umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba awukho semgangathweni
Ukuba iziphumo zibonisa ingxaki, amanyathelo okulungisa axhomekeke kuhlobo lwesingcolisi:
– Ukungcola okuphezulu: sebenzisa ukuhluza inkunkuma.
– I-iron/manganese: umoya kunye nezihluzo ezikhethekileyo (isanti ye-manganese, ikhabhoni ethile esebenzayo).
– Ukuqina: isithambisi-manzi (i-ion exchange resin).
– Ivumba nencasa: ikhabhoni esebenzayo okanye umoya ovuthuzayo.
– Ungcoliseko lweebhaktheriya: i-chlorination, i-UV sterilizer, okanye ukubilisa, okuhambisana nokuphuculwa kococeko lwemithombo.
– IiNitrates/iimetali ezinzima: zihlala zifuna ubuchwepheshe obukhethekileyo obufana ne-reverse osmosis okanye ukufumana ezinye iindlela zamanzi.
Ukubonisana nengcali yokusingqongileyo okanye umboneleli wonyango lwamanzi kunokunceda ekukhetheni eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo.
Ukuvala
Ukuchonga umgangatho wamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akuthethi nje ukujonga amanzi acocekileyo. Kufuna indibaniselwano yokujonga ngokwasemzimbeni, ukulinganisa okulula, ukuhlolwa kococeko lwemithombo, kunye novavanyo lwelabhoratri lweekhemikhali kunye nee-microbiological parameters. Ngokuhlolwa rhoqo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba akhuselekile ukusetyenziswa kwaye uthintele iingozi zempilo zexesha elide. Amanzi ayimfuneko esisiseko, ngoko ke ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wawo lutyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwimpilo yosapho lwakho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
