Thermochemistry: Saense e Hlahisang Karabelo ea Mocheso le Lik'hemik'hale
Thermochemistry ke lekala la k'hemistri le ithutang liphetoho tsa matla, haholo-holo matla a mocheso, a tsamaeang le liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale le liphetoho tsa 'mele. Ha e le hantle, thermochemistry e batlisisa hore na matla ka mokhoa oa mocheso a fetisetsoa joang ho tloha tsamaisong e 'ngoe ho ea ho e 'ngoe le hore na liphetoho tsena tsa matla li ama enthalpy, entropy le tekano ea lik'hemik'hale joang. Saense ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa indasteri, liketso tsa biochemical 'meleng, le liketsahalo tsa tlhaho tse kenyelletsang liphetoho tsa matla.
Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea Thermochemistry
1. Matla Likarabelong tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Matla a thermochemistry hangata a lekanngoa ka mokhoa oa mocheso o lokolloang kapa o monngoang ke sistimi nakong ea karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale. Likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli ho latela liphetoho tsa tsona tsa matla: exothermic le endothermic. Likarabelo tsa exothermic li lokolla mocheso tikolohong e potolohileng, joalo ka ho chesoa ha mafura. Likarabelo tsa endothermic, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li monya mocheso tikolohong, joalo ka photosynthesis limela.
2. Molao oa Pele oa Thermodynamics
Molao ona, o tsejoang hape e le molao oa paballo ea matla, o bolela hore matla a ke ke a bōptjoa kapa a timetsoa. Ho e-na le hoo, matla a ka fetoloa feela ho tloha sebopehong se seng ho ea ho se seng. Ha e le hantle, nakong ea karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale kapa ts'ebetso ea 'mele, palo eohle ea matla tsamaisong le tikolohong ea eona e lula e tsitsitse. Molao ona o bolela hore haeba sistimi e lahleheloa ke matla a itseng ka mokhoa oa mocheso, tikoloho e tla fumana mocheso o lahlehileng, 'me ka tsela e fapaneng.
3. Enthalpy (H)
Enthalpy ke tekanyo ea matla ohle tsamaisong, ho kenyeletsoa matla a ka hare le khatello, bophahamo ba modumo le mocheso. Phetoho ea enthalpy (ΔH) karabelong ea lik'hemik'hale e bontša hore na sistimi e lokolla kapa e monya mocheso. Haeba boleng ba ΔH bo le mpe, karabelo ke exothermic, 'me haeba boleng bo le ntle, karabelo ke endothermic. Litsebi tsa lik'hemik'hale hangata li sebelisa enthalpy ho bolela esale pele hore na ke li-reaction life tse ka etsahalang ka tšohanyetso tlas'a maemo a itseng.
Mokhoa oa Teko oa Thermochemical
Ho lekanya diphetoho tsa mocheso diketsahalong tsa dikhemikhale, borasaense ba sebedisa sesebediswa se bitswang calorimeter. Calorimeter ke sesebediswa se reretsweng ho lekanya bongata ba mocheso o lokollwang kapa o monngwang ke tshebetso ya dikhemikhale kapa ya mmele. Ho na le mefuta e mmalwa ya di-calorimeter, ho tloha ho di-calorimeter tse bonolo ho isa ho di-calorimeter tse rarahaneng haholoanyane tsa dibomo.
1. Likhalori tse bonolo
Calorimeter e bonolo ke setshelo se nang le metsi seo karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahalang ho sona. Ha karabelo e etsahala, mocheso oa lokolloa kapa oa monngoa, e leng se bakang phetoho mochesong oa metsi. Ka ho lekanya phetoho ena ea mocheso le ho tseba bokhoni bo itseng ba mocheso ba metsi, tekanyo ea mocheso e amehang karabelong e ka baloa.
2. Bomo ea Likhalori
Calorimeter ea bomo ke mofuta oa calorimeter e koetsoeng e etselitsoeng ho mamella liketso tse hlahisang mocheso o mongata, joalo ka ho chesoa ha peterole. Ka har'a calorimeter ea bomo, sampole ea li-reactants e beoa ka setshelong sa tšepe se bitsoang "bomo" e tletseng oksijene. Bomo e qoelisoa ka setshelong se tletseng metsi. Ha karabelo e etsahala, mocheso o lokolloang o futhumatsa metsi a potolohileng, 'me mocheso oa metsi oa lekanyetsoa. Ka data ena, bo-rasaense ba ka bala mocheso oa karabelo ka nepo.
Tšebeliso ea Thermochemistry Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
Thermochemistry e na le karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse ngata tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi le indasteri.
1. Indasteri ea Mafura
Ho utloisisa matla a ntshwang ke mafura ha a chesoa ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ntlafatsa bokgoni ba dienjene tsa ho tuka le ho fokotsa mosi o tswang dienjeneng tsa dikoloi kapa dipolanteng tsa motlakase, bokgoni ba mafura bo ka ntlafatswa ka ho tseba matla a nepahetseng a ntshwang mafura a itseng.
2. Tsamaiso ea Liindasteri
Indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, ho sebelisoa li-reaction tse ngata ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse kholo. Li-reaction tsena hangata li hloka taolo e tiileng ea mocheso le likhatello tse amehang. Mohlala, tlhahiso ea ammonia ka ts'ebetso ea Haber-Bosch ke karabelo ea exothermic e hlokang taolo e hlokolosi ea mocheso ho netefatsa katleho ea ts'ebetso le polokeho.
3. Lijo le ho Futhumatsa
Ha ho phehoa, thermochemistry e bapala karolo ha metsoako ea lijo e fetoloa ke mocheso. Mohlala, ho fetoha ha tsoekere ka caramel kapa ho pheha liprotheine tse kang nama ho susumetsoa haholo ke liphetoho tsa mocheso. Ha lijo li futhumatsoa, liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale sebopehong sa tsona sa limolek'hule li hlahisa litatso le mekhoa e ikhethang.
4. Tsamaiso ea Matla
Tšebeliso e 'ngoe ea thermochemistry ke ho rala le ho laola litsamaiso tsa matla a mocheso, tse kang li-heater tsa metsi a letsatsi kapa li-air conditioner tse hatelitsoeng ke mouoane. Litsamaisong tse joalo, ho utloisisa phetoho ea matla a mocheso ho thusa ho rala litsamaiso tse sebetsang hantle le tse bolokang matla.
Liphephetso le Bokamoso ba Thermochemistry
Joalo ka lekala lefe kapa lefe la mahlale, thermochemistry e tobane le liphephetso tse hlokang lipatlisiso tse ling ho utloisisa le ho fumana litharollo tse sebetsang hantle mathateng a teng.
1. Thepa e Sebetsang Hantle
Diphuputso di tswela pele ho sibolla thepa e sebetsang hantle ho monyeng, ho boloka le ho lokolla mocheso. Thepa e jwalo e na le bokgoni bo boholo ditshebedisong tsa eneji e ntjhafatswang, jwalo ka polokelo ya matla a letsatsi le theknoloji ya ho kganna mocheso.
2. Ho Fokotsa Khabone
E 'ngoe ea liphephetso tse kholo ka ho fetisisa kajeno ke ho fokotsa mesi e tsoang carbon dioxide le likhase tse ling tse futhumatsang lefatše. Thermochemistry e ka bapala karolo ho nts'etsapele lits'ebetso tse hloekileng le tse sebetsang hantle, ka bobeli tlhahisong ea matla le ho hloekisoeng ha lik'hemik'hale.
3. Theknoloji e Sireletsang Tikoloho
Nts'etsopele ea mahlale a macha a sireletsang tikoloho le a tšoarellang, joalo ka theknoloji ea bioenergy le haeterojene, e itšetlehile haholo ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea melao-motheo ea thermochemical. Tsoelo-pele sebakeng sena e tla thusa phetoho ho ea moruong oa eneji o motala le o tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
Qetello
Thermochemistry ke lekala la bohlokoa la k'hemistri le nang le lits'ebetso tse ngata bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le indastering. Ka ho ithuta liphetoho tsa matla a mocheso liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale le lits'ebetsong tsa 'mele, thermochemistry e re fa kutloisiso e tebileng ea hore na matla a fetisetsoa le ho fetoloa joang, le hore na re ka sebelisa matla ao joang ka katleho le ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng. Ka lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le boqapi, thermochemistry e tla tsoela pele ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho rarolleng liphephetso tsa matla a lefats'e le ho theha bokamoso bo tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
