Khopolo-taba ho tloha ho Prokaryotic ho ea ho Eukaryotic: Tsoelo-pele ea ho rarahana ha sele
Pendahuluan
Phetoho ea bophelo Lefatšeng ke e 'ngoe ea liphiri tse khahlang ka ho fetisisa tse hapileng bo-rasaense ka makholo a lilemo. Lihlopha tse peli tse kholo tsa lintho tse phelang, li-prokaryotes le li-eukaryotes, li emela e 'ngoe ea mehato ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Li-prokaryotes, tse kenyeletsang libaktheria le li-archaea, ke lintho tse bonolo, tse nang le sele e le 'ngoe tse bileng teng ka lilemo tse libilione. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-eukaryotes—tse kenyeletsang li-protist, li-fungus, limela le liphoofolo—li na le lisele tse rarahaneng haholoanyane ka sebopeho. Leha ho le joalo, hore na phetoho ho tloha liseleng tse bonolo tsa prokaryotic ho ea liseleng tse rarahaneng tsa eukaryotic e etsahetse joang e ntse e le taba ea lipatlisiso tse matla le ngangisano. Sehlooho sena se tla hlahloba likhopolo-taba tse ka sehloohong tse hlalosang phetoho ho tloha ho li-prokaryotes ho ea ho li-eukaryotes.
Tšimoloho ea Bophelo ba Lisele
Lilemo tse libilione tse fetileng, Lefatše e ne e le sebaka se fapaneng haholo le seo le leng sona kajeno. Sepakapaka sa lona se ne se haelloa ke oksijene, 'me bophelo ba sele bo ne bo e-so be teng. Bophelo ba pele ho ka etsahala hore ebe bo hlahile ka sebōpeho sa lisele tsa prokaryotic hoo e ka bang lilemong tse libilione tse 3,5 ho isa ho tse 4 tse fetileng. Li-prokaryote tsena ke baholo-holo ba lintho tsohle tse phelang tse tsejoang kajeno. Li ile tsa atleha maemong a feteletseng a tikoloho, li bontša ho tenyetseha ho tsotehang. Leha ho le joalo, phetoho ho tloha linthong tse bonolo tsa prokaryotic tse nang le sele e le 'ngoe ho ea ho lintho tse rarahaneng haholoanyane tsa eukaryotic e hloka liphetoho tse kholo sebopehong le ts'ebetsong ea sele.
Khopolo-taba ea Endosymbiosis
E 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tse amoheloang haholo mabapi le phetoho ea lisele tsa eukaryotic ke khopolo-taba ea endosymbiotic, e ileng ea hlahisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ke rasaense oa Amerika Lynn Margulis ka 1967. Ho ea ka khopolo-taba ena, li-organelle tsa bohlokoa liseleng tsa eukaryotic, tse kang mitochondria le li-chloroplast, li simolohile e le libaktheria tsa prokaryotic tse phelang ka bolokolohi tse ileng tsa theha kamano ea symbiotic le sele e kholo, ea pele ea moamoheli.
1. Mitochondria: Ho lumeloa hore baholo-holo ba pele ba lisele tsa eukaryotic ba ne ba koenya libaktheria tsa aerobic, tse neng li khona ho sebelisa oksijene ho hlahisa matla ka katleho e kholo ka ho hema. Ho e-na le ho sila libaktheria tsena, sele ea moamoheli e ile ea theha kamano e molemo ka bobeli. Libaktheria tsa aerobic li fane ka mohloli oa matla o sebetsang hantle, ha sele ea moamoheli e fana ka tšireletso le limatlafatsi. Ha nako e ntse e ea, libaktheria tsena tse kopaneng li ile tsa fetoha mitochondria ea sejoale-joale.
2. Li-chloroplast: Mokhoa o tšoanang o etsahala li-chloroplast, tse fumanoang liseleng tsa limela le tsa algae. Ho lumeloa hore lisele tsa khale tsa eukaryotic li ne li koahetse libaktheria tsa photosynthetic tse kang cyanobacteria. Sena se file moamoheli oa eukaryotic monyetla oa photosynthesis, o ba lumellang ho hlahisa lijo ho tsoa letsatsing, qetellong ba fetohe li-chloroplast.
Bopaki ba khopolo-taba ena bo kenyelletsa ho tšoana pakeng tsa mitochondria le li-chloroplast le libaktheria, joalo ka boteng ba DNA e chitja, li-ribosome tse tšoanang le li-ribosome tsa baktheria, le bokhoni ba ho ikarola ka boikemelo ka har'a sele.
Phetoho ea Sebopeho le Mesebetsi
Phetoho ho tloha ho prokaryotes ho ea ho eukaryotes e ne e se feela ka ho fumana mitochondria le li-chloroplast. E boetse e kenyelletsa liphetoho tse ling tse ngata tsa sebopeho le ts'ebetso, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Ho Thehoa ha Lera la Nyutlelie: E 'ngoe ea matšoao a lisele tsa eukaryotic ke boteng ba nucleus e koaletseng DNA ea tsona ka har'a lera la nyutlelie. Khopolo-taba e tloaelehileng haholo e fana ka maikutlo a hore lera la nyutlelie le bile teng ka ho kenella ha lera la sele ka har'a li-prokaryote tsa pele, ho sireletsa thepa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho laola tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
– Lisebelisoa tse Rarahaneng Haholo tsa Liphatsa tsa Lefutso: Li-eukaryote li bontša DNA e telele le e rarahaneng ho feta li-prokaryote, tse hlophisitsoeng ka li-chromosome tse otlolohileng. Lintho tse etsang hore ho ngoloe le RNA e rarahaneng haholoanyane bakeng sa taolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le tsona li ile tsa hlaha.
– Sistimi ea Masapo a Matsoho: Li-Eukaryote li hlahisa meaho e rarahaneng ea masapo a matsoho a matsoho, e leng se lumellang lisele ho boloka sebopeho sa tsona, ho tsamaisa thepa ka har'a sele, esita le ho sebelisa flagella le cilia bakeng sa motsamao.
– Ho Eketsoa ha Li-organelle Tse Ling: Li-organelle tse ling tse fapaneng, tse kang endoplasmic reticulum, sesebelisoa sa Golgi, le lysosomes, li ntlafalitsoe ho sebetsana le ts'ebetso ea protheine le lipalangoang le metabolism e 'ngoe e tsoetseng pele ea sele.
Karolo ea Symbiosis ho Tsoelo-pele
Symbiosis, kamano ea tikoloho pakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli e phelang haufi-ufi, e bapetse karolo ea bohlokoa phetohong ea ho rarahana ha lisele. Ka har'a moralo oa phetoho ho tloha ho li-prokaryotes ho ea ho li-eukaryotes, symbiosis ha ea fana feela ka melemo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo empa hape e buletse tsela bakeng sa boqapi bo eketsehileng ba metabolism le mefuta e mengata ea phetoho. Likamano tsa symbiotic ha li emise boemong ba organelle; li ka nolofatsa phetoho ea lichaba tse kholo, li khanna mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo e bonoang tikolohong ea kajeno.
Liphephetso le Lipotso tse Bulehileng
Leha khopolo-taba ea endosymbiosis e amoheloa haholo, ho ntse ho e-na le liphephetso tse ngata le lipotso tse sa arajoang, tse kang:
– Mekhoa e Ikhethang: Hore na hantle-ntle mokhoa o atlehileng oa ho koaheloa le ho tsitsisa nako e telele ha symbiosis li etsahala joang ha ho so utloisisoe ka botlalo.
– Tšimoloho ea Li-organelle Tse Ling: Leha ho nahanoa hore mitochondria le li-chloroplast li simoloha libaktheria tsa boholo-holo, tšimoloho ea li-organelle tse ling liseleng tsa eukaryotic e ntse e sa tsebahale hantle.
– Bopaki ba Masalla: Masalla ha a bontshe dintlha tsa phetoho ya mohato ka mohato ho tloha diseleng tsa prokaryotic ho ya ho tsa eukaryotic, kahoo tlhahlobo ya lefutso le ya baeloji e ntse e le bopaki bo ka sehloohong.
Ho koala
Phetoho ho tloha liseleng tsa prokaryotic ho ea ho tsa eukaryotic e ne e le e 'ngoe ea mehato ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa historing ea bophelo Lefatšeng. Le hoja mathata a ho iphetola ha lisele a ntse a hloka lipatlisiso tse pharaletseng, likhopolo-taba tse kang endosymbiosis li fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le matla a sele a ileng a nolofalletsa phetoho e eketsehileng ea bophelo. Ka tsoelo-pele ea baeloji ea limolek'hule le liphatsa tsa lefutso, letsatsi le letsatsi re atamela kutloisiso e tebileng ea hore na bophelo bona bo rarahaneng bo bile teng joang. Ho batlisisa phetoho ena ha ho tebise kutloisiso ea rona ea baeloji ea motheo feela empa hape le kamoo bophelo ka bobona bo ikamahanyang le maemo le ho atleha kateng ha bo tobane le liphephetso tse lulang li fetoha tsa tikoloho.
