Lipalopalo: Tšiea ea Bohlokoa ho Etseng Liqeto
Lipalopalo ke lekala la bohlokoa la saense 'me li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa libakeng tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, ho tloha lipatlisisong tsa saense ho isa ho etseng liqeto khoebong le mmusong. Ka ho sebetsana le ho sekaseka lintlha, lipalopalo li fana ka motheo o tiileng oa ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng le tse nang le tsebo. Sengoloa sena se tla teba haholoanyane ho seo lipalopalo li leng sona, nalane ea tsona, mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng le ts'ebeliso ea tsona masimong a fapaneng.
Ho Utloisisa Lipalopalo
Ka kakaretso, lipalo-palo ke saense e amehang ka pokello, tlhahlobo, tlhaloso, nehelano le tlhophiso ea data. Lipalo-palo li feta feela ho sebetsana le lipalo; li boetse li kenyelletsa ho utloisisa mekhoa le ho fumana melaoana e thehiloeng bopaking. Lipalo-palo li arotsoe ka libaka tse peli tse kholo: tlhaloso le tlhaloso. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li sebetsana le ho hlophisa le ho hlalosa data, ha lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li sebelisa data ea mohlala ho etsa likhakanyo kapa likhakanyo mabapi le baahi ba bangata.
Histori ea Nts'etsopele ea Lipalopalo
Histori ea lipalo-palo e ka saloa morao ho fihlela mehleng ea boholo-holo, moo lichaba tsa boholo-holo tse kang Egepeta, Babylona le Roma li neng li sebelisa lipalo tsa lipalo bakeng sa merero ea tsamaiso le ea lekhetho. Leha ho le joalo, tsoelo-pele ea bohlokoa lipalo-palong ha ea ka ea etsahala ho fihlela lekholong la bo17 le la bo18 la lilemo Europe.
Lekholong la bo17 la lilemo, John Graunt, setsebi sa lipalo-palo sa Lenyesemane, o ngotse "Tlhahlobo le Lipolotiki Tse Entsoeng ka Melao ea Lefu," e nkoang e le e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea pele ea ho sebelisa mekhoa ea lipalo-palo ho ithuta lintlha tsa lefu. Ho sa le joalo, lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, setsebi sa lipalo sa Switzerland Jakob Bernoulli o ile a hlahisa khopolo-taba ea monyetla, e ileng ea fetoha motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea lipalo-palo tse sa nahaneleng.
Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, Sir Francis Galton le Karl Pearson Engelane ba ile ba hlahisa likhopolo tsa ho khutlela morao le ho amana, tseo hona joale e leng mekhoa ea mantlha ea lipalo-palo bakeng sa ho sibolla likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli kapa ho feta. Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, ho sibolloa ha mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea phapang ke Ronald A. Fisher le nts'etsopele ea khopolo-taba ea ho nka sampole ke Jerzy Neyman le Egon Pearson ho ile ha matlafatsa motheo oa khopolo-taba oa lipalo-palo.
Mekhoa le Mehopolo ea Motheo Lipalopalong
1. Pokello ea Lintlha:
Pokello ea lintlha ke mohato oa pele tlhahlobong efe kapa efe ea lipalo-palo. Mekhoa ea pokello ea lintlha e ka kenyelletsa lipatlisiso, liteko, litebello le pokello ea litokomane. Ho bohlokoa ho netefatsa hore lintlha tse bokelletsoeng li emela baahi ba ithutoang.
2. Tlhaloso ea Lintlha:
Tlhaloso ea data e kenyelletsa ho akaretsa tlhahisoleseling ea motheo ho tsoa ho data e bokelletsoeng. Mohlala, ho sebelisa litafole tsa maqhubu, kabo ea maqhubu, karolelano, bohareng, le mokhoa. Litšoantšo tse kang li-histogram, lichate tsa liphae, le li-boxplot le tsona li sebelisoa khafetsa.
3. Tlhahlobo ea ho Qetela:
Tlhahlobo ea ho nahana e kenyelletsa mekhoa ea lipalo-palo e sebelisoang ho etsa liqeto kapa liqeto mabapi le baahi ho latela lintlha tsa sampole. Mokhoa ona o sebelisa likhopolo tsa ho hakanya liparamente, tlhahlobo ea khopolo-taba, ho khutlela morao le ho sekaseka phapang ho etsa liqeto tse pharaletseng.
4. Kabo ea Monyetla:
Kabo ea menyetla ke mosebetsi oa lipalo o fanang ka monyetla oa hore liphetho tse fapaneng li hlahe tekong e sa reroang. Likabo tse ling tse tsebahalang li kenyelletsa kabo e tloaelehileng, kabo ea binomial, le kabo ea Poisson.
5. Teko ea Khopolo-taba:
Teko ea khopolo-taba ke mokhoa o sebelisoang ho bapisa lihlopha tse peli kapa ho feta kapa ho fumana hore na sephetho se itseng se etsahetse ka tšohanyetso. Mehlala ea liteko tsa lipalo-palo e kenyelletsa teko ea t, teko ea chi-square, le ANOVA.
6. Ho Khutla le Kamano:
Ho khutlela morao ke mokhoa oa ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli kapa ho feta. Kamano e lekanya matla le tataiso ea kamano pakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli. Sena se bohlokoa tlhahlobong ea data bakeng sa ho sibolla mekhoa le ho etsa likhakanyo.
Litšebeliso tsa Lipalopalo Mafapheng a Fapaneng
1. Patlisiso ea Saense:
Phuputsong ea saense, lipalo-palo li sebelisoa ho rala liteko, ho sekaseka lintlha tsa liteko, le ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng. Lipalo-palo li thusa bafuputsi ho utloisisa liketsahalo tse rarahaneng le ho theha mehlala ea ho bolela esale pele liphello.
2. Kgwebo le Moruo:
Lefatšeng la khoebo, lipalo-palo li sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea 'maraka, ho bolela esale pele thekiso, tsamaiso ea likotsi le ho etsa liqeto tsa lichelete. Mohlala, lik'hamphani li ka sebelisa tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa bareki ho khetholla mekhoa le ho ntlafatsa maano a tsona a ho bapatsa.
3. Bophelo bo Botle le Bongaka:
Tlhokomelong ea bophelo bo botle, lipalo-palo li sebelisoa ho sekaseka lintlha tsa bongaka, ho nts'etsapele liteko tsa bongaka, ho lekola katleho ea kalafo, le ho utloisisa seoa sa mafu. Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho etseng likhothaletso tsa leano la bophelo bo botle.
4. Mmuso:
Mebuso e sebedisa dipalopalo ho ntshetsa pele maano a setjhaba a tsamaiswang ke data, jwalo ka ho theha tekanyetso, moralo wa ntshetsopele, le tlhahlobo ya baahi. Dipalopalo di thusa ho utlwisisa ditaba tse rarahaneng tsa kahisano le tsa moruo.
5. Boenjiniere le Indasteri:
Boenjiniere le indastering, lipalo-palo li sebelisoa bakeng sa taolo ea boleng, ntlafatso ea ts'ebetso, le moralo oa sehlahisoa. Mekhoa ea lipalo-palo e kang Six Sigma le Tlhahlobo e Tsamaiswang ke Data e thusa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba ts'ebetso le katleho.
Liphephetso le Nts'etsopele ea Hona Joale Lipalopalong
Lipalopalo tsa sejoale-joale li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola ka potlako, haholo-holo ka tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea k'homphieutha le data e kholo. Leha ho le joalo, litsebi tsa lipalo-palo li tobane le liphephetso tse 'maloa. E 'ngoe ea tsena ke ho sebetsana le bophahamo bo boholo, lebelo le mefuta e fapaneng ea data mehleng ea data e kholo. Li-algorithms tsa ho ithuta ka mochini le bohlale ba maiketsetso (AI) le tsona li qala ho laola tlhahlobo ea data, li hloka kopanyo e tiileng haholoanyane lipakeng tsa lipalo-palo tsa setso le mahlale a ntseng a hlaha.
Ho phaella moo, phephetso e 'ngoe ke ho netefatsa hore data e sebelisoa ka boitšoaro le hore lekunutu la motho ka mong le sirelelitsoe. Ka palo e ntseng e eketseha ea data e bokelloang, ho bohlokoa hore litsebi tsa lipalo-palo li khomarele litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro le ho boloka lekunutu la data.
Qetello
Lipalopalo ke sesebelisoa se matla ho etseng liqeto le lipatlisisong. Ka ho sebelisa mekhoa le maqheka a nepahetseng a lipalo-palo, re ka utloisisa lefatše hamolemo, ra etsa likhakanyo tse nepahetseng, 'me ra etsa liqeto tse bohlale. Ho tloha nalaneng ea lona e telele ho isa nts'etsopele ea lona ea hona joale, lipalo-palo li ntse li tsoela pele ho ba tšiea ea bohlokoa masimong a fapaneng, li thusa batho ho utloisisa mathata a lefats'e le ho etsa liqeto tse thehiloeng ho data e tšepahalang.
