Ho arohana ke e 'ngoe ea liketsahalo tsa tlhaho tse khahlang le tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo fisiks ea nyutlelie. Ka ho arola li-nuclei tse boima tsa athomo ka tse bobebe, ho arohana ho ntša matla a mangata, a sebelisitsoeng lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha tlhahisong ea motlakase ho isa libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba ka botlalo melao-motheo ea motheo ea ho arohana, nalane ea ho sibolloa ha eona, mokhoa oa eona oa karabelo, ts'ebeliso ea eona bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, le liphephetso le likhang tse tsamaeang le eona.
Melao-motheo ea Motheo ea Likarabelo tsa ho Finyella
Karabelo ea karohano e etsahala ha khubu e boima ea athomo, joalo ka uranium-235 kapa plutonium-239, e monya neutron 'me e fetoha e sa tsitsang. Ho se tsitse hona ho etsa hore khubu e arohane ka li-nuclei tse peli kapa ho feta tse nyane, tse bitsoang likotoana tsa karohano, e lokollang li-neutron le matla. Matla a lokolloang a tsoa khaellong ea boima ba li-nuclei tse arohaneng ha li bapisoa le boima ba pele, ho latela equation e tummeng ea Albert Einstein, E= mc2.
Histori ea ho Sibolloa ha Likarabelo tsa ho Fihla
Ho sibolloa ha karohano e bile litholoana tsa letoto la liteko le kutloisiso e ntseng e hola mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Ka 1938, bo-rasaense ba Majeremane Otto Hahn le Fritz Strassmann, ba sebetsa le Lise Meitner le Otto Robert Frisch, ba ile ba etsa liteko tse ileng tsa lebisa ho sibolloeng ha karohano ea nyutlelie. Ba ile ba sibolla hore ha uranium-235 e hlaseloa ka li-neutron, e arohana ho barium le krypton nuclei, e lokolla li-neutron le matla a mang.
Ho sibolloa hona ho ile ha bula tsela bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya theknoloji ya nyutlelie, ho kenyeletswa le ntshetsopele ya di-reactor tsa nyutlelie le dibetsa tsa nyutlelie nakong ya Ntoa ya Bobedi ya Lefatshe. Morero wa Manhattan, o etelletsoeng pele ke United States, o ile wa atleha ho theha bomo ya pele ya athomo e ileng ya sebediswa ntweng ka 1945.
Mokhoa oa Karabelo ea ho Fapana
Karabelo ea ho arohana e kenyelletsa mehato e 'maloa ea motheo:
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Ho Monya Neutron : Nko e boima ea athomo e kang uranium-235 kapa plutonium-239 e monya neutron. Sena se etsa hore nucleus e se ke ea tsitsa 'me e be kotsing ea ho petsoha.
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Ho Petsoha ha Nyutlelie : Ntlheng e sa tsitsang e aroha likotoana tse peli kapa ho feta tsa ho petsoha. Ts'ebetso ena e lokolla li-neutron tse peli kapa tse tharo tse ncha le matla ka mokhoa oa mahlaseli a motlakase le matla a kinetic a likotoana tsa ho petsoha.
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Likarabelo tsa Ketane : Li-neutron tse lokollotsoeng li ka monngoa ke li-nuclei tse ling tse boima, e leng se bakang likarabelo tse ngata tsa ho arohana. Haeba ho hlahisoa li-neutron tse lekaneng, likarabelo tsa ho arohana li ka tsoela pele ka karabelo ea ketane.
Karabelo ena ea ketane ke molao-motheo o thehiloeng ts'ebetsong ea li-reactor tsa nyutlelie le ho phatloha ha libomo tsa athomo. Ka har'a reactor ea nyutlelie, karabelo ea ketane e laoloa ho hlahisa matla ka ho tsoelang pele, ha ka har'a sebetsa sa nyutlelie, karabelo ea ketane e potlakisoa ho hlahisa ho phatloha ho hoholo haholo ka nako e khuts'oane haholo.
Likopo tsa Karabelo ea Phapang
Likarabelo tsa ho arohana ha libetsa li sebelisitsoe ka mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng, 'me tse peli tse hlahelletseng ka ho fetisisa ke tlhahiso ea motlakase le libetsa tsa nyutlelie.
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Dimela tsa Matla a Nyutlelie : Di-reactor tsa nyutlelie di sebedisa di-reactor tsa karohano ho hlahisa mocheso, oo ebe o sebediswa ho hlahisa mouoane o kgannang di-turbine le ho hlahisa motlakase. Di-reactor tsa nyutlelie di sebedisa mafura a kang uranium-235 kapa plutonium-239 mme di sebedisa dithupa tsa taolo ho laola sekgahla sa karabelo ya karohano ka ho monya di-neutron tse ding.
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Sesebediswa sa Metsi se Kgateleloang (PWR) : Mofuta ona wa sesebediswa o sebedisa metsi a kgateleloang e le sephodisang le se laolang. Metsi a kgateleloang a boloka sesebediswa se le mochesong o phahameng ntle le ho bela, e leng se dumellang phetiso ya mocheso e sebetsang hantle.
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Sesebediswa sa Metsi a Belang (BWR) : Mofuta ona wa sesebediswa o dumella metsi a phodisang ho bela ka ho toba ka hara sesebediswa ho hlahisa mouoane o kgannang turbine. Di-BWR di na le moralo o bonolo ho feta di-PWR.
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Reactor e Potlakileng : Reactor ena e sebelisa li-neutron tse potlakileng ho qala karabelo ea karohano, ntle le tlhoko ea molaoli. Li-reactor tse potlakileng li ka sebelisa mafura ka katleho e kholo 'me tsa hlahisa litšila tse fokolang.
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Libetsa tsa Nyutlelie : Libetsa tsa nyutlelie li sebelisa liketso tse sa laoleheng tsa ho arohana ho hlahisa liqhomane tse khōlō. Libomo tsa pele tsa athomo tse sebelisitsoeng ntoeng, tse kang tse ileng tsa liheloa Hiroshima le Nagasaki, li sebelisitse uranium-235 le plutonium-239 e le mafura.
Liphephetso le Liqabang
Leha dikarabelo tsa ho arohana di fana ka bokgoni bo boholo e le mohlodi wa matla, ho na le diphephetso le dikgang tse mmalwa tse amanang le tsona:
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Litšila tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi : Li-reactor tsa nyutlelie li hlahisa litšila tse kotsi tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi tse hlokang ho tšoaroa le ho bolokoa ka mokhoa o khethehileng ho thibela litlamorao tse mpe tikolohong le bophelong ba batho. Tsamaiso ea nako e telele ea litšila tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi e ntse e le phephetso e kholo.
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Polokeho ea Nyutlelie : Kotsi ea likotsi tsa nyutlelie, tse kang tse ileng tsa etsahala Chernobyl ka 1986 le Fukushima ka 2011, e baka matšoenyeho mabapi le polokeho ea li-reactor tsa nyutlelie. Liketsahalo tsena li totobatsa likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa mahlaseli a kotsi a ka senyang tikoloho le baahi ba batho.
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Ho Ata ha Libetsa tsa Nyutlelie : Ho ata ha theknoloji ea nyutlelie ho beha kotsi ea hore libetsa tsa nyutlelie li ka oela matsohong a linaha tse se nang boikarabelo kapa lihlopha tse seng tsa linaha. Maiteko a ho se ata ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie a ikemiselitse ho fokotsa ho ata ha theknoloji ea nyutlelie le thepa e ka sebelisoang ho etsa libetsa tsa nyutlelie.
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Moruo le Matsete : Ho aha le ho tsamaisa setsi sa matla a nyutlelie ho hloka matsete a bohlokoa a pele. Litšenyehelo tsa kaho, tlhokomelo le taolo ea litšila e ka ba lithibelo tse kholo tsa moruo.
Bokamoso ba Likarabelo tsa ho Fihla
Leha ho tobane le diphephetso tse kgolo, bokamoso ba dikarabelo tsa karohano bo ntse bo kganya ka dipatlisiso le boqapi bo fapaneng bo ntseng bo ntshetswa pele:
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Li-reactor tsa Nyutlelie tsa Moloko o Latelang : Li-reactor tse ncha li ntse li etsoa hore li bolokehe haholoanyane, li sebetse hantle haholoanyane, 'me li hlahise litšila tse fokolang. Li-reactor tse nyane tsa modular (SMRs) ke boqapi bo le bong bo tšepisang, bo fanang ka ho tenyetseha le litšenyehelo tse tlase.
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Phetoho ea Litšila : Lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mahlale a ka fetolang litšila tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi hore e be li-isotope tse tsitsitseng le tse seng kotsi haholo. Sena se ka fokotsa bongata le kotsi ea litšila tsa nyutlelie.
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Ho Kopana ha Nyutlelie : Le hoja ho fapane le ho arohana, dipatlisiso mabapi le ho kopana ha nyutlelie di ntse di tswela pele. Ho kopana ha nyutlelie ho na le bokgoni ba ho hlahisa matla a hlwekileng le a bolokehileng ho feta ho arohana, empa diphephetso tsa botekgeniki di ntse di le bohlokwa.
Qetello
Ho arohana ha dibetsa ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tse sibolotsoeng fisiks ea nyutlelie, e nang le tšusumetso e kholo tlhahisong ea motlakase le nts'etsopele ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Leha e fana ka bokhoni bo boholo e le mohloli oa matla, ho arohana ha dibetsa ho boetse ho tobane le liphephetso tse kholo tse amanang le polokeho, litšila tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi, le kotsi ea ho ata ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie. Ka lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le boqapi, bokamoso ba ho arohana ha dibetsa bo ntse bo tšepisa, bo bula tsela bakeng sa litharollo tsa matla tse sireletsehileng le tse tšoarellang haholoanyane.
