Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso ea Plastiki ea Nylon le Tšebeliso ea Eona Indastering ea Masela
Pendahuluan
Plastiki ea nylon ke mofuta oa polymer ea maiketsetso e fetotseng liindasteri tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le masela. Nylon, e sibolotsoeng ka 1935 ke Wallace Carothers ho DuPont, e se e le thepa e khethiloeng tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tse ngata ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ikhethang, joalo ka ho tšoarella, matla le ho tenyetseha. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea polasetiki ea nylon le ho hlahloba ts'ebeliso ea eona e fapaneng indastering ea masela.
Histori le ho sibolloa ha Nylon
Nylon e ne e le e 'ngoe ea li-polymer tsa pele tsa maiketsetso tse ileng tsa ntlafatsoa le ho hlahisoa khoebong. Ho sibolloa ha eona ho amana haufi-ufi le lipatlisiso tsa DuPont mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, tse neng li reretsoe ho fumana thepa e ncha ea maiketsetso ho nkela silika sebaka. Kamora lilemo tse 'maloa tsa lipatlisiso, Wallace Carothers le sehlopha sa hae ba atlehile ho theha polyamide ea pele e hlahisoang ka bongata, nylon 66.
Mokhoa oa Tlhahiso ea Nylon
Tlhahiso ea nylon e kenyelletsa ts'ebetso e rarahaneng ea lik'hemik'hale, ho tloha ho li-monomer ho ea ho li-polymer. Tlhaloso e qaqileng ke ena:
1. Kgetho ya Thepa e Tala: Thepa ya motheo ya ho etsa nylon ke di-monomer tse nang le hexamethylenediamine le adipic acid. Thepa ena ka bobedi e na le dihlopha tsa amine (-NH2) le carboxylic acid (-COOH) tse sebetsang, tse bohlokwa bakeng sa tshebetso ya polymerization.
2. Ho kopanya polymer: Ts'ebetso ea pele tlhahisong ea nylon ke ho kopanya polymer. Ts'ebetsong ena, hexamethylenediamine le adipic acid lia kopanngoa le ho futhumatsoa ho fihlela li arabela ho bōpeho ea nylon 66 le metsi e le sehlahisoa se latelang. Karabelo e ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang:
\[
(NH_2)(CH_2)_6(NH_2) + (COOH)(CH_2)_4(COOH) \motsu [-NH-(CH_2)_6-NH-CO-(CH_2)_4-CO-]_n + nH_2O
\]
3. Ho Ohla le ho Futhumatsa: Hang ha polymer e se e bopilwe, mohato o latelang ke tshebetso ya ho ohla. Polimere e qhibilihisitsweng e fetiswa ka spinneret—sesebelisoa se kang sefe se nang le masoba a manyane—ho etsa di-filament tse nyane. Di-filament tse bopilweng di a phodiswa le ho otlollwa ho eketsa matla le ho tshwarella ha tsona.
4. Ho Sotha le ho Sotha: Likhoele tsa nylon li phuthoa hore e be khoele. Khoele ena e feta ts'ebetsong ea ho soeufatsa ho tlosa masala a arabelang kapa masala a lik'hemik'hale le ho nolofatsa khoele.
5. Ho taka le ho ntsha sebopeho: Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho hula filime ka lebelo le phahameng ho eketsa bolelele le matla a eona. Ho ntsha sebopeho ho ka etsoa, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e fapaneng ea mechine le ea mocheso ho kenya thepa e itseng ho faeba, joalo ka ho tenyetseha le ho tenyetseha.
Tšebeliso ea Nylon Indastering ea Masela
Nylon e fetohile thepa ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa masela ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e phahameng. Tse ling tsa tšebeliso ea eona indastering ea masela ke tsena:
1. Liaparo le Liaparo: Nylon e sebelisoa haholo tlhahisong ea liaparo ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e bobebe, e tšoarellang le e tenyetsehang. Lesela la nylon le atisa ho sebelisoa tlhahisong ea liaparo tsa kahare, likausi, liaparo tsa lipapali le lijakete tsa windbreaker.
2. Masela a Letsatsi le Letsatsi: Nylon e boetse e atisa ho sebelisoa ho etsa masela a letsatsi le letsatsi joalo ka likhele, mekotla le lisebelisoa tsa koloi. Thepa ena e khethiloe ka lebaka la ho hanyetsa ho khohlela le ho tšoarella ha eona maemong a fapaneng a leholimo.
3. Liindasteri tse Ikhethileng: Liindastering tse itseng, tse kang tsa sesole, nylon e sebelisoa ho etsa liparachute, lisebelisoa tsa ho hloma liahelo le thapo. Melemo ea nylon ea matla a ho thaepa le ho hanyetsa lik'hemik'hale e etsa hore e be e loketseng lits'ebetso tsena.
4. Thepa ea ka tlung le mekhabiso ea lapeng: Nylon e boetse e sebelisoa lik'hapeteng le liphahlong tsa thepa ea ka tlung. Lik'hapete tse entsoeng ka likhoele tsa nylon li tsebahala ka ho tšoarella ha tsona, bonolo ba ho li hloekisa le ho hanyetsa matheba hantle.
5. Ho Nkela Likhoele tsa Tlhaho Sebaka: Nylon e atlehile ho nkela likhoele tse ngata tsa tlhaho sebaka, tse kang silika le ulu, lits'ebetsong tse ngata tsa masela. Melemo ea eona e hlahisoang ka bongata le moruo o moholo ha e bapisoa le likhoele tsa tlhaho e etsa hore nylon e be khetho ea mantlha makaleng a fapaneng a indasteri.
Melemo le Mathata a Nylon
Melemo e meholo ea faeba ea nylon ke matla a eona a ikhethang a ho thapolla le bokhoni ba eona ba ho otlolla ho isa bohōleng bo itseng pele e khutlela sebopehong sa eona sa pele (elasticity). Nylon e boetse e hanela ho hohloka, hlobo le lik'hemik'hale tse ngata, e fana ka ho tšoarella ho hlokahalang lits'ebetsong tse ngata.
Leha ho le jwalo, nylon e na le mathata a mang. E 'ngoe ke bokgoni ba yona bo tlase ba ho monya mongobo ha e bapiswa le difaeba tsa tlhaho tse kang k'hothone, tse ka amang boiketlo maemong a lehodimo a chesang. Ho feta moo, nylon e ka qhibiliha mochesong o phahameng mme e hloka tlhokomelo e ikgethang ha e hlatsuwa ho thibela tshenyo.
Boqapi le Bokamoso ba Nylon Indastering ea Masela
Indasteri ea masela e ntse e tsoela pele ho fetoha, 'me boqapi tlhahisong le tšebelisong ea likhoele tsa nylon bo ntse bo tsoela pele. Bafuputsi joale ba ntse ba sebetsa ho theha li-nylon tse sireletsang tikoloho haholoanyane ba sebelisa thepa e tala e nchafatsoang le mekhoa ea tlhahiso e sebetsang haholoanyane. Maiteko a ntse a tsoela pele ho nts'etsapele mefuta ea nylon e nang le thepa e ikhethang, joalo ka thepa ea antibacterial kapa e hanelang UV, ka liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa theknoloji.
Ho feta moo, ho ntlafatsa le ho sebelisa hape nylon e le ntho e ka sehloohong ho fokotsa tšusumetso tikolohong. Merero ea ho sebelisa hape nylon e tsoang thepa e sebelisitsoeng kapa litšila tsa tlhahiso e se e le ntho e ka sehloohong e shebaneng le eona ha temoso ea tikoloho e ntse e eketseha.
Qetello
Polasetiki ea nylon e kentse letsoho haholo nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea masela ho tloha ha e sibolloa lilemo tse fetang mashome a robeli tse fetileng. Ka ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso e kenyeletsang polymerization le ho ohla hore e be likhoele, nylon e fetohile thepa ea bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa masela. Melemo ea eona mabapi le matla, ho tšoarella le ho tenyetseha e etsa hore nylon e be tharollo e feto-fetohang lefatšeng la masela. Ka lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele le boqapi, bokamoso ba nylon bo shebahala bo khanya haholoanyane, ka tšepo ea hore lihlahisoa tsa nylon tse tšoarellang haholoanyane le tse mosa tikolohong li tla sebelisoa haholo nakong e tlang.
