Mokhoa oa ho Etsa Polasetiki ea Polyester le Tšebeliso ea Eona Litšebelisong tsa Masela
Polyester ke e 'ngoe ea lipolasitiki tsa maiketsetso tse hlahisoang haholo lefatšeng, haholo-holo ka mokhoa oa likhoele bakeng sa indasteri ea masela. Bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, polyester e teng e le lesela la liaparo, khoele ea ho roka, likharetene, masela a bethe, esita le joalo ka thepa ea ho kopanya ho eketsa matla a lesela. Ka lik'hemik'hale, polyester ke polymer e entsoeng ka liketane tse telele tse bakoang ke karabelo ea li-monomer tse itseng ka ts'ebetso ea polymerization. Mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo o sebelisoang bakeng sa masela ke PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate), thepa e tsejoang hape e le thepa ea botlolo ea seno. Sengoloa sena se tšohla kakaretso ea mokhoa oa ho etsa polasetiki ea polyester (haholo-holo PET) le ts'ebeliso ea eona lits'ebetsong tsa masela, hammoho le melemo le mefokolo ea eona.
Polyester polasetiki ke eng?
"Polyester" ke lentsoe bakeng sa sehlopha sa li-polymer tse nang le lihlopha tsa ester liketaneng tsa tsona tsa mokokotlo. Le tsebahalang haholo ke PET, kaha le bonolo ho le hlahisa ka bongata, le tiile, le tsitsitse, 'me le ka sebetsoa hore e be likhoele tse ntle bakeng sa lesela. PET e entsoe ka likarolo tse peli tse ka sehloohong:
1. Terephthalic acid (TPA) kapa dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) e nkiloeng ho yona
2. Ethylene glycol (EG)
Ha thepa ena e 'meli e arabela, liketane tse telele tsa polymer lia thehoa. Liketane tsena ke seo ho thoeng ke polasetiki ea polyester. Leha ho le joalo, hore e be faeba ea masela, PET ha e etsoe feela; e tlameha ho sebetsoa ka ho qhibiliha, ho potoloha, ho hula le ho lokisa kristale ho fihlela litšobotsi tse lakatsehang tsa mechini.
Lisebelisoa tse tala le melao-motheo ea karabelo bakeng sa ho thehoa ha polyester
Ka kakaretso, tlhahiso ea PET e etsoa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli e meholo ea karabelo:
1. Ho fetola ester kapa ho fetola ester
– Haeba ho sebelisoa TPA + EG: ho etsahala esterification, e hlahisang oligomers le metsi e le lihlahisoa tse ling.
– Haeba ho sebediswa DMT + EG: ho etsahala transesterification, e leng se hlahisang oligomers le methanol e le dihlahiswa tse latelang.
2. Ho kolobisa ha polycondensation
Ebe li-oligomer li arabela haholoanyane ho theha limolek'hule tse telele (li-polymer) ha li ntse li lokolla limolek'hule tse nyane (metsi kapa ethylene glycol). Bolelele ba ketane (boima ba limolek'hule) ba PET bo khetholla matla a fiber e hlahisoang haholo.
Ka tekanyo ea indasteri, ts'ebetso ena e etsoa mochesong o phahameng le maemong a vacuum e le hore lihlahisoa tse ling li tlosoe kapele e le hore karabelo e lebisang ho thehoeng ha li-polymer tse telele e be ntle haholoanyane.
Mokhoa oa ho etsa polasetiki ea polyester (PET) ka kakaretso
Tse latelang li hlalosa mekhahlelo ea tlhahiso ea polyester ho latela pono ea ts'ebetso ea indasteri. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore ena ke kakaretso ea khopolo-taba; tlhahiso ea 'nete e hloka fektheri ea lik'hemik'hale e nang le taolo e phahameng ea polokeho.
1. Ho lokisa thepa e tala
Lisebelisoa tse tala tsa TPA/DMT le ethylene glycol lia hloekisoa pele. Bohloeki bo bohlokoa hobane litšila li ka baka bosehla, tsa fokotsa matla, kapa tsa thibela ho thehoa ha ketane e telele.
2. Karabelo ea pele: esterification kapa transesterification
Lisebelisoa tse tala li futhumatsoa ka har'a reactor. Mothating ona, li-ester tsa monomer/oligomer lia thehoa.
– Haeba ho sebelisoa sebaka sa ho lahla lithōle, metsi aa hlaha 'me a tlameha ho tlosoa.
– Haeba ho sebelisoa DMT, methanol e thehoa ebe e aroloa.
Mokhahlelo ona o fumana boleng ba pele ba li-oligomer hammoho le katleho ea karabelo e latelang.
3. Ho kolobisa ha di-polycondensation ho etsa di-polymer
Motsoako oa oligomer o futhumatsoa mochesong o phahameng, hangata ka thuso ea catalyst. Karabelo e tsoela pele, e lokolla lihlahisoa tse ling (mohlala, ethylene glycol) ho lelefatsa liketane tsa polymer. Mothating ona, vacuum hangata e sebelisoa ho potlakisa ho lokolloa ha limolek'hule tse nyane, e leng se etsang hore polymerization e sebetse hantle haholoanyane.
Sephetho ke ho qhibiliha ha PET e teteaneng, ho tšoanang le mahe a linotši a teteaneng haholo, a seng a loketse ho etsoa li-pellet kapa ho ohloa ka ho toba hore e be likhoele.
4. Ho thehoa le ho omisoa ha chip/pellet
Hangata PET e hlahisoa ka sebopeho sa chipu (pellet). Hang ha polymer e se e entsoe, thepa e phodiswa ebe e kgaolwa ka di-granule tse nyane. Di-pellet tsena di a omiswa hobane mongobo o ka baka ho senyeha (ho robeha ha ketane) nakong ya ho qhibilihisa hape. Ho omisa hona ke mohato wa bohlokwa pele ho tshebetso ya ho ohla ha faeba.
5. Ho ohla ha faeba (ho ohla ha qhibilihisa)
Indastering ea masela, PET hangata e fetoloa likhoele ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho qhibilihisa o qhibilihang:
– Li-pellet tsa PET lia qhibilihisoa hape.
– Ho qhibiliha ho sutumelletsoa ka har'a spinneret (mofuta oa hlobo e nang le masoba a manyane).
– E tsoa e le likhoele tse tšesaane ebe e pholile hore e be likhoele.
Botenya ba faeba bo ka fetoloa ho latela boholo ba lesoba la spinneret le lebelo la ho hula.
6. Ho taka le ho beha mocheso
Likhoele tse sa tsoa thehoa ha li e-so be matla haholo. Ho eketsa matla le ho tšoarella, likhoele li feta ho:
– Ho taka: Likhoele li otlolloa ho hokahanya liketane tsa polymer khafetsa. Sena se eketsa matla a ho tsitlallela le botsitso.
– Ho beha mocheso: ho futhumatsa ho laolwang ho notlela sebopeho le ho laola tekanyo ea kristale, ho amang ho tenyetseha, ho benya le botsitso ba boholo.
7. Ho seha kapa ho lokisa sebopeho
Ho itšetlehile ka morero, fiber ea polyester e ka ba:
– E siiloe e le khoele e tswelang pele (bakeng sa masela a matle kapa likhoele tse itseng).
– Seha likhoele tse tloaelehileng (likhoele tse khutšoane) ebe u li ohla joaloka k'hothone.
– Kalafo ea ho lokisa moriri e fanoa ho fana ka phello e kobehileng/e teteaneng e le hore e ikutloe e tletse ebile e phutholohile haholoanyane ho e apara.
Tšebeliso ea polyester lits'ebetsong tsa masela
Polyester e se e ratoa haholo indastering ea masela ka lebaka la motsoako oa thepa ea eona: matla, ho tšoarella, ho oma kapele, le bonolo ba tlhahiso e kholo. Tsena ke lits'ebeliso tsa eona tse ka sehloohong:
1. Liaparo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi le feshene
Polyester e sebelisetsoa lihempe, lihempe, lijakete, mese le lintho tse fapaneng tsa feshene. Polyester hangata e kopanngoa le k'hothone (poly-cotton) ho:
- E fokotsa ho teneha ha mesifa,
– E potlakisa ho omisa,
– E eketsa ho hanyetsa meokho le bophelo ba tšebeletso.
2. Liaparo tsa lipapali le tsa kantle
Bakeng sa lipapali, polyester e ipabola hobane:
– Ha e monye metsi a mangata joalo ka likhoele tsa tlhaho,
– Ho omisa ka potlako, ho loketse mesebetsi e matla,
– Ho bonolo ho e lokisa hore e be lesela le "ntshang mongobo" (le fetisetsa mofufutso ho tloha letlalong ho ea holim'a lesela).
Lijakete tsa windbreaker, lijeresi, borikhoe ba koetliso, esita le liaparo tsa ho hloa lithaba hangata li sebelisa polyester.
3. Masela a lapeng
Polyester e sebelisoa haholo lilaeteng tsa bethe, mesamo, likobo, likharetene le liphahlo tsa thepa hobane:
– E hanela makukuno,
– E hanela matheba ka tsela e batlang e le teng,
– Sebopeho se tsitsitseng mme ha se otlolohe habonolo,
– E theko e tlase ho feta likhoele tse ling tsa tlhaho.
4. Lihlahisoa tse sa lohiloeng le tsa indasteri
Polyester e boetse e tla ka sebopeho se sa lohiloeng bakeng sa:
– Interlining (lera le ka hare la diaparo),
– Sefe e bonolo,
– Li-geotextile,
– Ho thibela mocheso ka tsela e itseng,
– Ho koahela kapa ho matlafatsa thepa ka har'a lihlahisoa tse kopantsoeng.
5. Khoele ea ho roka le lisebelisoa tsa masela
Khoele ea polyester e ratoa haholo hobane:
- Matla,
– Ha ho bonolo ho e roba,
– Ho hanela ho thulana,
– E loketse mechine ea ho roka e potlakileng haholo.
Ho phaella moo, polyester e sebediswa ho etsa diribone, dithapo, matlowa le masela a ho roka.
Melemo le mefokolo ea polyester bakeng sa masela
Melemo e meholo:
– E matla ebile e tšoarella
– Ha e na makukuno ebile e tsitsitse ka boholo
– Ho omisa kapele le ho hlokomela ho bonolo
- Ho bonolo ho kopanya le likhoele tse ling
– Litšenyehelo tsa tlhahiso li tlase haholo
Keterbatasan:
– Ha e monye haholo ho feta k'hothone, kahoo batho ba bang ba ikutloa ba "chesa"
– E ka hlahisa motlakase o sa fetoheng
– Ho ka etsahala hore ho boloke monko haeba qetello ea lesela e se ntle
– Mathata a tikoloho: a tswa ho dikhemikhale tsa petroleum mme a ka hlahisa diplastiki tse nyane nakong ya ho hlatswa.
Ka hona, boqapi ba masela a sejoale-joale bo shebane haholo le boiketlo bo eketsehileng (ho qeta ho thibela monko o mobe, ho hlakola hantle) hammoho le litharollo tsa tikoloho tse kang polyester e sebelisitsoeng hape (rPET).
Ho koala
Polasetiki ea polyester, haholo-holo PET, e etsoa ka karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale pakeng tsa terephthalic acid (kapa DMT) le ethylene glycol, e lateloa ke polycondensation ho etsa polymer ea ketane e telele. Kamora moo, polyester e sebetsoa hore e be likhoele ka ho qhibilihisa ho qhibiliha, ho hula, le ho beha mocheso ho fihlela matla le botsitso. Polyester e sebelisoa haholo lits'ebetsong tsa masela—ho tloha liaparong le liaparong tsa lipapali ho ea masela a lapeng, ho ea lits'ebetsong tsa indasteri—ka lebaka la matla a eona, ho omisa kapele le ho boloka litšenyehelo. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea eona boiketlong le matšoenyehong a tikoloho, polyester e ntse e le mokokotlo oa indasteri ea masela, haholo-holo ha mahlale a ho qeta le ho sebelisa hape a ntse a tsoela pele ho sebetsana le liphephetso tsa kajeno.
Haeba o batla, nka fetola sengoloa sena hore e be mofuta o tekheniki haholoanyane (ka di-react schematics), kapa mofuta o bonolo bakeng sa mesebetsi ya sekolo.
