Mitosis: Mokhoa o Hlollang oa Karohano ea Sele
Mitosis ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea baeloji bophelong ba sele. Ke mofuta oa karohano ea sele e hlahisang lisele tse peli tsa barali tse tšoanang ka liphatsa tsa lefutso le sele ea motsoali. Mitosis e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kholong, nts'etsopele le tokisong ea lisele tse phelang ka lisele tse ngata. Sehlooho sena se tla tšohla likarolo tse fapaneng tsa mitosis, ho tloha tlhalosong ea eona le mekhahlelo ea mitosis ho isa bohlokoa ba eona moelelong o pharaletseng oa baeloji.
Tlhaloso ea Mitosis
Mitosis ke ts'ebetso ea karohano ea nyutlelie e netefatsang hore sele e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali e fumana sete e felletseng ea lintho tsa lefutso joalo ka sele ea motsoali. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e lateloa ke cytokinesis, karohano ea cytoplasm e arolang sele e le 'ngoe ka lisele tse peli tsa morali. Mitosis hangata e hlaha liseleng tsa 'mele (somatic) 'me e fapana le meiosis, e hlahang feela liseleng tsa kokoana-hloko ho hlahisa li-gametes.
Mekhahlelo ea Mitosis
Mitosis e na le mekhahlelo e 'maloa e latellanang: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, le telophase. Karolo ka 'ngoe e na le litšobotsi le mesebetsi e itseng ho netefatseng kabo e nepahetseng ea li-chromosome ho lisele tsa morali.
1. Prophase: Mokhahlelo ona ke qalo ea mitosis, moo chromatin e qalang ho ikamahanya le li-chromosome tse bonahalang. Chromosome ka 'ngoe e kile ea phetoa pele mohatong oa S oa potoloho ea sele 'me e na le li-chromatids tse peli tse amanang le tsona tse hokahaneng ho centromere. Ho phaella moo, spindle ea mitotic e qala ho thehoa, 'me lera la nyutlelie le qala ho qhalana.
2. Prometaphase: Lera la nyutlelie le senyeha ka ho feletseng, e leng se lumellang li-microtubules tsa spindle ea mitotic ho sebelisana le li-chromosome. Li-microtubules li khomarela li-kinetochores, e leng libopeho tsa protheine tse entsoeng ho centromeres ea li-chromosome. Ts'ebetso ena e lokisetsa li-chromosomes bakeng sa mohato o latelang.
3. Metaphase: Mokhahlelong ona, di-chromosome tse tlamilweng ho di-microtubules di a hulwa mme di hlophiswa hore di eme moleng ho equator ya sele, e tsejwang e le poleiti ya metaphase. Ho otloloha hona ho bohlokwa bakeng sa karohano e nepahetseng ya di-chromosome.
4. Anaphase: Di-centromere tsa karohano e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea chromosome, 'me li-chromatids tse ling—tseo hona joale li bitsoang li-chromosome tsa morali—li huleloa lipalong tse fapaneng tsa sele. Motsamao ona o nolofalloa ke ho khutsufala ha li-microtubules, tse hulang li-chromosome ho ea lipalong.
5. Telophase: Li-chromosome tse arohaneng li fihla lipalo tsa sele 'me li qala ho theoha ho ba chromatin. Lera la nyutlelie le qala ho fetoha ho potoloha lihlopha tse peli tse arohaneng tsa li-chromosome, ho theha li-nuclei tse peli tse ncha ka har'a sele e le 'ngoe.
Cytokinesis
Hangata Cytokinesis e qala nakong ea telophase kapa ka mor'a eona. Ke ts'ebetso ea karohano ea cytoplasmic e hlahisang lisele tse peli tse arohaneng tsa barali. Liseleng tsa liphoofolo, cytokinesis e etsahala ka ho thehoa ha foro e arohaneng e fokotsang sele ka halofo. Liseleng tsa limela, lebota le lecha la sele le bitsoang poleiti ea sele le thehoa pakeng tsa li-nuclei tse peli tse ncha, qetellong le arola sele ka likarolo tse peli.
Bohlokoa ba Mitosis
Mitosis e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa likarolong tse 'maloa tsa bophelo:
1. Kgolo le Nts'etsopele: Mitosis e dumella diphedi tse nang le disele tse ngata ho hola le ho hola ho tloha sele e le nngwe e nontshitsweng ho ya ho disele tse dibilione. Sena se dumella ho thehwa ha dinama tse rarahaneng le ditho nakong ya ntshetsopele ya lesea le sa tswa emolwa le ya dimela.
2. Tokiso le Nchafatso: Ha dinama tsa mmele di lemetse kapa disele di senyehile, mitosis e hlahisa disele tse ntjha ho lokisa le ho nkela tse senyehileng sebaka. Mohlala, letlalo le lera la mala di dula di feta mitosis ho nkela disele tse senyehileng sebaka ke mesebetsi ya letsatsi le letsatsi.
3. Ho Boloka Tsoelo-pele ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso: Ka ho fana ka sete e felletseng ea li-chromosome tse tšoanang seleng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea morali, mitosis e netefatsa hore tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e bolokoa ho tloha molokong o mong oa lisele ho ea ho o mong. Sena se bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng le botsitso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa ntho e phelang.
Mefokolo le Mathata ho Mitosis
Leha mitosis ka kakaretso e tsoela pele hantle, ka linako tse ling liphoso li ka hlaha. Aneuploidy, boemo boo lisele li nang le palo e sa tloaelehang ea li-chromosome, hangata bo bakoa ke ho se aroloe hantle ha li-chromosome nakong ea mitosis. Mohlala, boemo bona bo ka bonoa mefuteng e fapaneng ea mofetše, moo lisele li ikatisang ntle le taolo e tloaelehileng.
Liphoso tsa mitosis li ka boela tsa lebisa liphetohong tsa lefutso tse ka tlatsetsang ntshetsopeleng ea kankere kapa maemo a mang a bophelo bo botle. Ka hona, lisele li na le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hlahloba ho netefatsa hore mitosis e tsoela pele hantle, empa ha mekhoa ena e hlōleha, liphello e ka ba tse tebileng.
Patlisiso le Ts'ebeliso
Thuto ea mitosis ha e bohlokoa feela bakeng sa ho utloisisa metheo ea baeloji ea sele empa hape e na le litlamorao tse sebetsang bongaka le theknoloji ea baeloji. Lipatlisiso tsa Mitosis li thusa ho sibolleng meriana e shebaneng le lisele tsa kankere ka ho thibela mitosis. Mohlala, meriana e itseng e etselitsoe ho sitisa ho thehoa ha spindle ea mitotic, ka hona ho thibela karohano e sa laoleheng ea sele kankereng.
Ho phaella moo, dipatlisiso mabapi le mitosis di susumetsa boqapi bo botjha ba boenjiniere ba ho ikatisa le kalafo ya sele, moo ho laola mitosis ho ka sebediswang ho lokisa kapa ho nkela dinama tse senyehileng sebaka.
Qetello
Mitosis ke ts'ebetso e ikhethang e leng ea bohlokoa kholong, nts'etsopele le tokisong ea bophelo ba sele. Ka ho utloisisa mekhahlelo le mekhoa e amehang, bo-rasaense ba ka teba haholoanyane mosebetsing le ho se sebetse hantle ha lisele linthong tse phelang. Lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele sebakeng sena li tšepisa ho fana ka temohisiso e eketsehileng mabapi le taolo ea kholo ea sele le bokhoni ba eona ba phekolo mafung a kang kankere, e leng se etsang hore mitosis e be taba ea bohlokoa moo saense le bophelo bo botle li kopanang teng.
