Mekhoa ea Modulus ea Boima le ea Elastic bakeng sa Metsi a 'maloa, Metsi le Likhase
Fisiks ke thuto ea motheo ea litšobotsi le liketsahalo tsa tlhaho. Likhopolo tse peli tsa bohlokoa fisiks tse bapalang karolo e kholo ho utloisiseng litšobotsi tsa taba ke ho ba le bongata le modulus ea ho tenyetseha. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla litlhaloso, mekhoa le mehlala ea ts'ebeliso ea likhopolo tsena tse peli bakeng sa lintho tse fapaneng ka mekhahlelo e meraro: tiileng, mokelikeli le khase.
Botenya
Botenya ke bongata bo hlalosang boima ba ntho ka yuniti. Botenya bo ka fana ka tlhahisoleseding mabapi le botenya ba ntho mme bo sebediswa kgafetsa mafapheng a fapaneng a saense le indasteri.
1. Tlhaloso le Foromo ea Botenya
Botenya (\( \rho \)) bo ka hlalosoa e le karolelano pakeng tsa boima (\( m \)) le bophahamo (\( V \)) ba ntho. Foromo ya dipalo ke:
\[
\rho = \frac{m}{V}
\]
Di mana:
– \( \rho \) ke bongata,
– \( m \) ke boima,
– \( V \) ke bophahamo ba modumo.
2. Boima ba Dintho tse Thata
Bongata ba lintho tse tiileng hangata bo phahame ho feta ba metsi le likhase hobane likaroloana tsa tsona li pakiloe haufi-ufi. Mehlala ea bongata ba lintho tse ling tse tiileng ke:
– Aluminium: \( 2.7 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Tšepe: \( 7.87 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Khauta: \( 19.32 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
3. Botenya ba Metsi
Bongata ba diedi hangata bo tlase ho feta ba dintho tse tiileng, empa bo phahame ho feta ba dikhase. Mehlala ya bongata ba diedi tse ding ke:
– Metsi: \( 1 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Joala: \( 0.789 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Mercury: \( 13.6 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
4. Boima ba Khase
Bongata ba khase bo itshetlehile haholo kgatellong le mochesong. Bongata ba khase bo tlase haholo ho feta ba dintho tse tiileng le tse metsi. Mehlala ya bongata ba dikgase tse ding ke:
– Moea: \( 0.001225 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Haeterojene: \( 0.00008988 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
– Khabone e daekhone: \( 0.001977 \, \text{g/cm}^3 \)
Modulus ea Elasticity
Modulus ea ho tenyetseha ke tekanyo ea ho tiea ha thepa kapa ho hanyetsa ho tenyetseha ha e tenyetseha ha e le tlas'a matla. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea modulus ea ho tenyetseha, empa e tloaelehileng haholo ke modulus ea Young, modulus ea shear, le modulus ea bongata.
1. Modulus ea Young
Modulus ea Young (\( E \)) ke tekanyo ea ho thatafala ha thepa ha e otlolloa kapa e hatelloa. Modulus ea Young e ka hlalosoa e le karolelano ea khatello ea maikutlo (\( \sigma \)) ho khatello (\( \varepsilon \)) moeling oa elastic oa thepa:
\[
E = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon}
\]
Di mana:
– \( E \) ke modulus ea Young,
– \( \sigma \) ke kgatello (matla ka sebaka sa yuniti),
– \( \varepsilon \) ke mofuta wa kgatello (phetoho ya bolelele ha e bapiswa le bolelele ba pele).
Mehlala ea modulus ea Young ea lisebelisoa tse ling ke:
– Tšepe: \( 200 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Aluminium: \( 69 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Rabara: \( 0.01 \, \text{GPa} \)
2. Modulus ea ho kuta
Modulus ea ho kuta (\( G \)) ke tekanyo ea ho thatafala ha thepa ha e le tlas'a matla a ho kuta. Modulus ea ho kuta e ka hlalosoa e le karolelano ea khatello ea ho kuta (\( \tau \)) ho mofuta oa ho kuta (\( \gamma \)):
\[
G = \frac{\tau}{\gamma}
\]
Di mana:
– \( G \) ke modulus ya ho kuta,
– \( \tau \) ke kgatello ya ho kuta,
– \( \gamma \) ke mofuta wa ho kuta.
Mehlala ea moduli ea ho kuta ea lisebelisoa tse ling ke:
– Tšepe: \( 80 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Aluminium: \( 25 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Rabara: \( 0.0006 \, \text{GPa} \)
3. Modulus ea Bongata
Modulus e kgolo (\( K \)) ke tekanyo ya ho thatafala ha thepa ha e le tlasa matla a ho hatella a tshwanang ho tloha mahlakoreng ohle (kgatello ya isotropic). Modulus e kgolo e ka hlaloswa e le karolelano ya kgatello (\( P \)) ho ya phetohong e amanang le bophahamo (\( \Delta V / V \)):
\[
K = – \frac{P}{\ Delta V / V}
\]
Di mana:
– \( K \) ke modulus e kgolo,
– \( P \) ke kgatello,
– \( \Delta V \) ke phetoho ya bophahamo ba modumo,
– \( V \) ke moqolo wa pele.
Mehlala ea modulus ea bongata ba thepa e meng ke:
– Tšepe: \( 160 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Metsi: \( 2.2 \, \text{GPa} \)
– Khalase: \( 35 \, \text{GPa} \)
Litšebeliso Bophelong ba Letsatsi le Letsatsi
1. Botenya
Botenya bo sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, tse kang ho fumana hore na ntho e tla teba kapa e tla phaphamala ka metsing. Mohlala, likepe li entsoe ka thepa e nang le boima bo tlase ho feta metsi ho li lumella ho phaphamala. Botenya bo boetse bo bohlokoa indastering ea thepa ea kaho bakeng sa ho fumana boleng le matla a thepa.
2. Modulus ea ho tenyetseha
Modulus ea ho tenyetseha e sebelisoa boenjiniereng le moralong ho fumana thepa e loketseng lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng. Mohlala, tšepe e atisa ho sebelisoa kahong ea kaho le borokho hobane e na le modulus e phahameng ea Young, ho bolelang hore e ka mamella meroalo e meholo ntle le ho fetoha ho hoholo. Rabara e sebelisoa tlhahisong ea mabili hobane e na le modulus e tlase ea Young, e e lumellang ho monya litšitiso le ho fana ka leeto le phutholohileng.
Qetello
Ho utloisisa mehopolo ea ho ba le botenya le modulus ea ho tenyetseha ho bohlokoa mafapheng a fapaneng a saense le indasteri. Botenya bo re thusa ho utloisisa ho ba le botenya le kabo ea boima ba ntho, ha modulus ea ho tenyetseha e fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le ho tiea ha thepa le bokhoni ba ho hanela ho fetoha ha eona. Ka ho utloisisa mekhoa le ts'ebeliso ea likhopolo tsena tse peli, re ka utloisisa hamolemo litšobotsi tsa taba le ho li sebelisa bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
