Tlhophiso ea Li-hydrocarbon
Li-hydrocarbon ke metsoako ea lintho tse phelang e entsoeng ka liathomo tsa carbon (C) le hydrogen (H). Ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa mafura a mesaletsa ea lintho tse phelang joalo ka peterole, khase ea tlhaho le mashala. Ho utloisisa ho arola li-hydrocarbon ho bohlokoa hobane li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa k'hemistring ea lintho tse phelang le tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale. Li-hydrocarbon li ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse peli tse kholo ho latela sebopeho sa tsona sa limolek'hule: li-hydrocarbon tsa aliphatic le li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba lihlopha tsena, lihlopha tsa tsona tse nyane, le mehlala le litšobotsi tsa e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe.
Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le li-aliphatic
Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le li-aliphatic ke li-hydrocarbon tseo limolek'hule tsa tsona li hlophisitsoeng ka liketane tse bulehileng (tse otlolohileng kapa tse nang le makala) kapa ka masale a sa nkhang hamonate.
1. Li-alkane
Sebopeho le Matlotlo
Li-alkane ke li-hydrocarbon tse tletseng tse nang le maqhama a le mong feela pakeng tsa liathomo tsa khabone. Li emeloa ke foromo e akaretsang ea CnH2n+2. Athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khabone ka har'a alkane e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse ling tse 'ne. Mehlala e bonolo ea li-alkane ke methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), le propane (C3H8).
Ka kakaretso li-alkane ha li na karabelo e ngata ho feta mefuta e meng ea li-hydrocarbon hobane litlamo tsohle tsa carbon-carbon ke litlamo tse le 'ngoe tsa σ (sigma), tse matla haholo ebile li tsitsitse. Hape ha li na polar 'me ha li qhibilihe hantle metsing, empa li qhibiliha ka har'a li-solvents tsa tlhaho tse kang ether le chloroform.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Methane (CH4) e sebelisoa e le mafura a ka sehloohong khaseng ea tlhaho.
– Propane (C3H8) e sebediswa kgaseng e metsi (LPG) bakeng sa ho pheha le ho futhumatsa.
2. Li-Alkene
Sebopeho le Matlotlo
Li-alkene ke li-hydrocarbon tse nang le tlamo e le 'ngoe e habeli pakeng tsa liathomo tsa khabone. Foromo ea tsona e akaretsang ke CnH2n. Tlamo ena e habeli e etsa hore li-alkene li sebetse haholoanyane ho feta li-alkane ka lebaka la tlamo e fokolang ea π (pi). Mehlala ea li-alkene ke ethylene (C2H4) le propylene (C3H6).
Li-alkenes li bontša thepa ea ho eketsa, moo tlamo e habeli e ka bulang le ho eketsa liathomo tse ncha, joalo ka ho hydrogenation kapa halogenation reactions.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Ethylene (C2H4) e sebediswa tlhahisong ya polyethylene, e leng polasetiki e tlwaelehileng haholo e fumanwang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
– Propylene (C3H6) ke thepa e tala indastering ho hlahisa polypropylene, polasetiki e sebelisoang lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa ho paka.
3. Li-Alkyne
Sebopeho le Matlotlo
Li-alkyne ke li-hydrocarbon tse nang le tlamo e meraro pakeng tsa liathomo tse peli tsa khabone. Foromo ea tsona e akaretsang ke CnH2n-2. Joalo ka li-alkenes, li arabela haholoanyane ka lebaka la boteng ba litlamo tse fokolang tsa π. Mehlala e tloaelehileng ke ethylene (C2H2) le propylene (C3H4).
Li-alkyne li na le thepa e ikhethang hammoho le liketso tse ling, tse kang liketso tsa hydrogenation tse ka hlahisang li-alkenes kapa li-alkanes.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Ethylene (C2H2) kapa e tsebahalang haholo e le acetylene, e atisa ho sebediswa ditshebetsong tsa ho tjheseletsa le ho seha hobane malakabe ao e a hlahisang a chesa haholo.
Li-hydrocarbon tse potolohang
Li-hydrocarbon tse potolohang ke li-hydrocarbon tseo liathomo tsa tsona tsa khabone li etsang ketane e koetsoeng kapa selikalikoe. Li-hydrocarbon tse potolohang li ka ba tse tletseng (cycloalkanes) kapa tse sa tletseng (cycloalkenes).
1. Li-cycloalkanes
Li-cycloalkane ke li-hydrocarbon tse nang le liketane tsa khabone tse bōpehileng joaloka lesale tse nang le litlamo tse le 'ngoe feela. Li na le foromo e akaretsang ea CnH2n, ho fapana le li-alkane tse otlolohileng.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Cyclohexane (C6H12) e sebediswa e le solvent e seng polar mme hape e le thepa e tala tlhahisong ya caprolactam, e sebediswang ho etsa nylon.
2. Li-cycloalkenes
Li-cycloalkenes ke li-hydrocarbon tse nang le tlamo e le 'ngoe kapa tse fetang tse peli sebopehong sa tsona sa lesale. Li arabela haholoanyane ho feta li-cycloalkanes ka lebaka la boteng ba tlamo e habeli.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Cyclohexene (C6H10), e leng analoge e chitja ya hexene, e sebediswa k'hemistring ya tlhaho ya maiketsetso.
Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate
Li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate li tsebahala ka botsitso ba tsona bo phahameng ka lebaka la sebopeho sa lesale la tsona la resonance, leo hangata le nang le liathomo tse tšeletseng tsa khabone. Sebopeho se tloaelehileng haholo ke benzene, ka foromo ea C6H6.
1. Benzene le Dintho tse tswang ho yona
Sebopeho le Matlotlo
Benzene ke hydrocarbon e bonolo ka ho fetisisa e nkhang hamonate e nang le foromo ea C6H6. Liathomo tsa khabone tse ka hare ho benzene li etsa lesale le nang le sebopeho se planar, 'me athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea khabone e hokahantsoe le athomo e le 'ngoe ea haedrojene.
Reactivity le Tšebeliso
Benzene e tsitsitse haholo ka lebaka la ho fetoha ha dielektrone tsa π sebopehong sa resonance sa lesale la benzene. Ka hona, benzene le di-derivatives tsa yona hangata di sebediswa e le thepa e tala ho kopanyeng metsoako e mengata ya dikhemikhale, ho kenyeletswa meriana, dipolasetiki le didae.
2. Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le monko o monate
Li-hydrocarbon tse nang le monko o monate li na le masale a mabeli kapa ho feta a monko o monate o kopantsoeng. Hangata li fumanoa lihlahisoa tse sa cheseng hantle tsa lintho tse phelang, joalo ka mosi oa sakerete le mosi oa koloi.
Mehlala le Tšebeliso
– Naphthalene (C10H8) ke mohlala o tloaelehileng oa hydrocarbon e nang le monko o monate e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea lidae le likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana.
Isomerism ho Hydrocarbons
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse khahlisang tsa thuto ea li-hydrocarbon ke khopolo ea isomerism, moo limolek'hule tse nang le mokhoa o tšoanang oa lik'hemik'hale li ka bang le meaho e fapaneng. Isomerism e ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'maloa, ho kenyeletsoa:
1. Li-Isomer tsa Sebopeho
Li-isomer tsa sebopeho ke li-isomer tse fapaneng ka tlhophiso ea liathomo tsa tsona. Mohlala, butane (C4H10) e na le li-isomer tse peli tsa sebopeho: n-butane le isobutane (methylpropane).
2. Li-Isomer tsa Jiometri
Li-isomere tsa jeometri li fumanoa ho li-alkenes le li-alkenes tse potolohang. Ke li-isomere tse fapaneng ka tsela eo liathomo li shebaneng le sebaka ka eona ho potoloha tlamo kapa lesale le habeli.
3. Li-Isomer tsa Optical
Li-isomer tsa mahlo ke li-isomer tse nang le limolek'hule tse tšoanang empa ha li tšoane (chiral). Thepa ena e bohlokoa haholo k'hemistri ea meriana hobane li-isomer tse fapaneng tsa mahlo li ka ba le mesebetsi e fapaneng haholo ea baeloji.
Qetello
Li-hydrocarbon ke metsoako ea bohlokoa e nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea meaho le thepa e nolofalletsang mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso indastering le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Sehlopha sa tsona se qaqileng—li-alkanes, li-alkenes, li-alkynes, li-cycloalkanes, li-cycloalkenes le li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate—se fana ka motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang. Kutloisiso e batsi ea mefuta ena ea li-hydrocarbon e lumella lipatlisiso tse sebetsang haholoanyane, nts'etsopele le lits'ebetso masimong a fapaneng, ho tloha ho matla ho ea ho meriana.
