Calorimetry: Ho Lekanya Matla a Mocheso Likarabelong tsa Lik'hemik'hale
Pendahuluan
Calorimetry ke lekala la mahlale le ithutang tekanyo ea liphetoho matleng a mocheso liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale kapa lits'ebetsong tsa 'mele. Lentsoe "calorimetry" le tsoa lentsoeng la Selatine "calor," le bolelang mocheso, le "metri," le bolelang tekanyo. Mokhoa ona o fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le enthalpy, entropy, le bokhoni ba mocheso ba litsamaiso tse fapaneng. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba likhopolo tsa motheo tsa calorimetry, mefuta ea li-calorimeter, melao-motheo ea tsona ea ts'ebetso, le ts'ebeliso ea tsona mafapheng a fapaneng a kang k'hemistri, baeloji le fisiks.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Calorimetry
Ha e le hantle, calorimetry e kenyelletsa ho lekanya diphetoho tsa mocheso tse hlahang ha dintho tse pedi di kopana kapa di arabela. Karolo e ka sehloohong ya sesebediswa sena ke calorimeter, e reretsweng ho fokotsa phapanyetsano ya matla a mocheso le tikoloho. Kgopolo ya motheo ya calorimetry ke molao wa pele wa thermodynamics, o bolelang hore matla a ke ke a boptjwa kapa a senngwa empa a ka fetola sebopeho feela. Tabeng ena, matla a mocheso a fumanwang kapa a lokollwang ke sistimi a ka sebediswa ho bala phetoho ya matla ka hara sistimi eo.
Mefuta ea Likhalori
1. Likhalori tse bonolo
Hangata calorimeter e bonolo e na le setshelo se entsoeng ka thepa e thibelang mocheso joalo ka polystyrene kapa aluminium, se tlatsitsoeng ka metsi, 'me se kentsoe thermometer. Mofuta ona oa calorimeter o atisa ho sebelisoa litekong tsa thuto ea mathomo ho hlahisa mohopolo oa calorimetry.
2. Bomo ea Likhalori
Calorimeter ea bomo ke sesebelisoa se rarahaneng haholoanyane se sebelisetsoang ho lekanya liphetoho tsa matla liketsong tsa ho tuka. Li-calorimeter tsena li entsoe ka setshelo se hanelang mocheso le khatello se bitsoang "bomo," se behiloeng ka setshelong se tletseng metsi. Ha sampole e chesoa ka har'a bomo, phetoho ea mocheso metsing e lekanngoa ho bala matla a mocheso a hlahisoang.
3. Dikalorimithara tsa ho Sekena tse Fapaneng (DSC)
DSC ke sesebelisoa se sebelisetsoang ho ithuta liphetoho tsa mekhahlelo le lik'hemik'hale tse hlahang linthong ha li futhumatsoa kapa li pholile. E lekanya phapang ea mocheso pakeng tsa sampole le referense, e lumellang bo-rasaense ho fumana li-enthalpies tsa phetoho, lintlha tsa ho qhibiliha, le litšobotsi tse ling tsa mocheso.
4. Khalorimithara ea Isoperibolic
Calorimeter ea isoperibolic e boloka mocheso o tsitsitseng nakong eohle ea teko. Li-calorimeter tsena hangata li sebelisoa lipatlisisong tsa biochemical ho fumana liphetoho tsa matla liketsong tsa enzymatic kapa lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa baeloji.
Kamoo Calorimeter e Sebetsang Kateng
Molao-motheo oa ho sebetsa oa calorimeter o kenyelletsa mehato e 'maloa ea motheo:
1. Tekanyo: Khalorimeter e tlameha ho lekanngoa ho fumana bokgoni ba yona ba mocheso. Mohato ona o kenyelletsa ho eketsa mocheso o tsejwang le ho rekota phetoho e hlahang ya mocheso.
2. Tlhophiso ea Sampole: Sampole e kenngoa ka har'a calorimeter, 'me sistimi e koetsoe ho thibela phapanyetsano ea matla le tikoloho.
3. Ho Ela Hloko Liphetoho tsa Mocheso: Kamora hore karabelo e phethehe, liphetoho tsa mocheso tse etsahalang tsamaisong lia lekanyetsoa.
4. Palo ea Matla: Ho sebelisoa molao oa pele oa thermodynamics le data ea phetoho ea mocheso, matla a hlahisoang kapa a sebelisoang ke karabelo aa baloa.
Litšebeliso tsa Calorimetry
Calorimetry e na le mefuta e mengata haholo ea lits'ebetso, ho tloha lipatlisisong tsa motheo ho isa lits'ebetsong tse sebetsang indastering.
1. Khemistri
K'hemistri, calorimetry e sebediswa ho fumana dibopeho tsa thermodynamic tsa dikarabelo, tse kang enthalpy le entropy. Mohlala, thutong ya kinetics ya dikhemikhale, calorimetry e ka thusa ho lekanya sekgahla sa karabelo le mekgwa ya karabelo. Ka ho khetheha, calorimetry ya bomo e sebediswa ho lekanya mocheso wa ho tjha ha mafura le dijo.
2. Baeloji
Khalorimetry e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa baelojing ea limolek'hule le lipatlisisong tsa biochemistry. Mohlala, lithutong tsa enzyme, calorimetry e sebelisoa ho fumana matla a ts'ebetso le kinetics ea enzyme, hammoho le liphetoho tsa matla tse etsahalang nakong ea likarabelo tsa enzyme-substrate. Khalorimetry e boetse e sebelisoa lipatlisisong tsa protheine, joalo ka ho sekaseka botsitso ba protheine le ho mena.
3. Fisiks
Fisiks, calorimetry e sebediswa ho lekanya bokgoni bo itseng ba mocheso ba thepa le diphetoho tsa mohato, tse kang ho qhibilihisa le ho kenya dintho ka hara foreimi. DSC, haholoholo, e sebediswa ho sekaseka thepa ya mocheso ya thepa ya polymer le ya disebediswa tse kopaneng, hammoho le ho ithuta diphetoho tsa mohato disebedisweng tsa kristale le tse sa fetoheng.
4. Indasteri
Lefapheng la indasteri, calorimetry e sebediswa bakeng sa dipatlisiso le ntshetsopele ya dihlahiswa, tse kang meriana, metswako ya dijo le mafura. Mohlala, indastering ya meriana, calorimetry e sebediswa ho ntshetsa pele le ho leka botsitso ba mocheso wa dithethefatsi, ha indastering ya dijo, dinako tsa ho pheha le ho leka-lekana ha matla dihlahisweng tsa dijo di ka ntlafatswa ka thuso ya calorimetry.
Thuto ea Nyeoe: Tšebeliso ea Calorimetry Lipatlisisong tsa Meriana
Mohlala o mong oa ts'ebeliso ea calorimetry lipatlisisong tsa meriana ke thuto ea botsitso ba mocheso oa lithethefatsi. Phuputsong ena, DSC e ka sebelisoa ho sekaseka liphetoho tsa mekhahlelo merianeng e tiileng le ho fumana lintlha tsa ho qhibiliha le liphetoho tsa enthalpy tse amanang le lits'ebetso tsena. Tlhahisoleseling ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho netefatsa botsitso le katleho ea lithethefatsi nakong ea polokelo le lipalangoang.
Liphephetso le Bokamoso ba Calorimetry
Leha calorimetry e le sesebelisoa se matla, e tobane le liphephetso tse 'maloa. E 'ngoe ke ho nepahala ha tekanyo, haholo-holo litekong tse kenyelletsang liphetoho tse nyane haholo tsa matla. Ho feta moo, ho thata ho finyella ho thibela mocheso ka ho phethahetseng, e leng se ka lebisang liphosong tsa tekanyo.
Leha ho le jwalo, ka kgatelopele ya theknoloji, disebediswa tsa calorimetry di se di rarahane haholo ebile di nepahetse. Tshebediso ya di-sensor tsa dijithale, taolo e ntlafetseng ya mocheso, le software e rarahaneng ya tlhahlobo ya data e dumella ditekanyo tse nepahetseng le tse sebetsang hantle. Nakong e tlang, calorimetry e lebelletswe ho bapala karolo e kgolo dipatlisisong tse ngata, ho kenyeletswa nanotechnology, saense ya thepa, le baeloji ya ditsamaiso.
Qetello
Khalorimetry ke thuto ea bohlokoa ea saense e nang le lits'ebetso tse ngata k'hemistri, baeloji, fisiks le indasteri. Ka ho lekanya liphetoho tsa matla a mocheso liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale le lits'ebetsong tsa 'mele, mokhoa ona o fana ka temohisiso e tebileng mabapi le litšobotsi tsa thermodynamic tsa litsamaiso tse fapaneng. Leha ho tobane le liphephetso tse 'maloa, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji e ntse e tsoela pele ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala le katleho ea litekanyo tsa calorimetric. Ka lebaka leo, calorimetry e tla tsoela pele ho ba sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa lipatlisisong le nts'etsopele ho pholletsa le mefuta e mengata ea lithuto.
