Lihlopha tse Sebetsang Metsoakong ea Khabone
Pendahuluan
Metswako ya khabone e na le sebopeho se ikgethang le se rarahaneng k'hemistring ya manyolo. Senotlolo sa mefuta ena ya dipharologanyo ke bokgoni ba khabone ba ho theha mefuta e mengata ya maqhama le dibopeho, ho kenyeletswa le diketane tse otlolohileng, tse potolohang le tse nang le makala. Karolo e le nngwe ya bohlokwa e fang metswako ya manyolo dibopeho tsa yona tse ikgethang ke dihlopha tsa yona tse sebetsang. Dihlopha tse sebetsang ke dihlopha tsa diathomo ka hara molek'hule tse ikarabellang bakeng sa thepa e ikgethang ya dikhemikhale. Sehloohong sena, re tla buisana ka mefuta e fapaneng ya dihlopha tse sebetsang metswakong ya khabone, dibopeho le dibopeho tsa tsona, le bohlokwa ba tsona ditshebedisong tse sebetsang.
Ho Utloisisa Lihlopha tse Sebetsang
Sehlopha se sebetsang ke karolo ea molek'hule e bonts'ang liketso tse itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale ka linako tsohle. Lihlopha tsena li ka ba le athomo e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta 'me li na le metsoako e itseng ea likarolo tse fang molek'hule litšobotsi tsa eona tse ikhethang. Mehlala e tloaelehileng haholo ea lihlopha tse sebetsang e kenyelletsa alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, le amines. Lihlopha tse sebetsang li fumana reactivity ea lik'hemik'hale, ntlha e belang, ntlha e qhibilihang, polarity, le litšobotsi tse ling tse ngata tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa motsoako.
Sehlopha sa Joala
E 'ngoe ea lihlopha tse sebetsang tse tloaelehileng haholo k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang ke joala. Sehlopha sa joala se na le athomo ea oksijene e hokahaneng le athomo ea haedrojene (OH) e hokahaneng le athomo ea khabone. Sebopeho se akaretsang sa joala ke R-OH, moo R e leng sehlopha sa alkyl kapa aryl. Li-alcohol li arotsoe e le tsa mantlha, tsa bobeli, le tsa boraro, ho latela palo ea liathomo tsa khabone tse hokahaneng ka ho toba le athomo ea khabone e hokahaneng le sehlopha sa hydroxyl.
– Dino tse tahang tsa mantlha: Athomo ya khabone e tshwereng sehlopha sa OH e hokahantswe le athomo e le nngwe feela ya khabone. Mehlala: methanol (CH3OH) le ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
– Joala ba bobeli: Athomo ea khabone e kopanyang sehlopha sa OH e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse ling tse peli tsa khabone. Mohlala: isopropanol (CH3CHOHCH3).
– Joala bo phahameng: Athomo ea khabone e kopanyang sehlopha sa OH e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse ling tse tharo tsa khabone. Mohlala: t-butanol (C(CH3)3OH).
Joala bo na le boemo bo phahameng ba ho bela ka lebaka la maqhama a haedrojene pakeng tsa limolek'hule tsa bona. Joala bo sebelisoa haholo e le tharollo, sebolaya dikokwana-hloko le mafura.
Li-Aldehydes le Ketones
Li-aldehyde le li-ketone ke mefuta e 'meli ea lihlopha tse sebetsang tsa carbonyl tse nang le thepa e tšoanang ea lik'hemik'hale, empa li fumaneha libakeng tse fapaneng molek'huleng.
– Li-Aldehyde: Li na le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O) se hokahaneng le athomo ea haedrojene le athomo ea khabone. Sebopeho se akaretsang sa aldehyde ke R-CHO. Mehlala ea li-aldehyde ke formaldehyde (HCHO) le acetaldehyde (CH3CHO).
– Ketone: E na le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O) se hokahaneng le liathomo tse peli tsa carbon. Sebopeho se akaretsang sa ketone ke R-CO-R'. Mohlala oa ketone ke acetone (CH3COCH3).
Li-aldehyde le li-ketone li fumanoa linthong tse ngata tsa baeloji le tsa indasteri. Li-aldehyde li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea litlolo tse nkhang hamonate le lik'hemik'hale, ha li-ketone e le li-solvent tse ntle 'me hangata li sebelisoa mefuteng ea litlolo.
Asiti ea Carboxylic
Asiti ea carboxylic ke sehlopha se sebetsang se nang le sehlopha sa carbonyl (C=O) le sehlopha sa hydroxyl (OH) athomong e le 'ngoe ea carbon, e leng se e fang sebopeho se akaretsang sa R-COOH. Li-acid tsa carboxylic li na le asiti hobane li lokolla li-ion tsa hydrogen (H+) habonolo. Mehlala ea li-acid tsa carboxylic ke acetic acid (CH3COOH) le benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).
Li-acid tsa carboxylic ke metsoako ea bohlokoa baelojing le indastering. Li fumanoa lijong tse fapaneng le mafura, 'me li bapala karolo ea tsona lipotolohong tsa biochemical joalo ka potoloho ea Krebs.
Amina
Li-amine ke lihlopha tse sebetsang tse nang le naetrojene e hokahaneng le athomo e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa khabone. Li ka aroloa e le tsa mantlha, tsa bobeli, le tsa boraro ho latela palo ea liathomo tsa khabone tse hokahaneng le naetrojene.
– Li-amine tsa mantlha: Naetrojene e hokahantsoe le athomo e le 'ngoe ea khabone. Mohlala: methylamine (CH3NH2).
– Li-amine tsa bobeli: Naetrojene e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse peli tsa khabone. Mohlala: dimethylamine (CH3NHCH3).
– Li-amine tse phahameng: Naetrojene e hokahantsoe le liathomo tse tharo tsa khabone. Mohlala: trimethylamine (N(CH3)3).
Li-amine ke tsa motheo 'me li fumanoa haholo baelojing e le likarolo tsa li-amino acid le li-neurotransmitters. Li-amine li boetse li sebelisoa meriana le lidae tsa maiketsetso.
Li-Ether le Li-Ester
Li-ether le li-ester ke lihlopha tse ling tse peli tse tloaelehileng tsa ts'ebetso k'hemistri ea lintho tse phelang.
– Ether: E na le para ea liathomo tsa khabone tse hokahaneng le athomo ea oksijene (RO-R'). Mohlala oa ether ke diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3), e leng tharollo e tloaelehileng lilaboratoring tsa k'hemistri.
– Ester: E entsoe ka karabelo pakeng tsa asiti ea carboxylic le joala, ka sebopeho se akaretsang sa R-COOR'. Mohlala oa ester ke ethyl acetate (CH3COOCH2CH3), e sebelisoang e le tharollo indastering ea pente le lacquer.
Li-ester li na le monko o monate 'me li sebelisoa haholo indastering ea litlolo tse nkhang hamonate le lijo ho fana ka tatso le monko o ikhethang.
Bohlokoa ba Lihlopha tse Sebetsang Litšebelisong tse Sebetsang
Lihlopha tse sebetsang li nolofalletsa moralo le tlhahiso ea mefuta e mengata ea limolek'hule tse nang le thepa e itseng, e lakatsehang. Mohlala, indastering ea meriana, boteng kapa ho ba sieo ha sehlopha se itseng se sebetsang ho ka fetola ts'ebetso ea baeloji ea moriana, botsitso, le kamoo o sebetsang kateng 'meleng. Lihlopha tse sebetsang li boetse li nolofalletsa moralo oa thepa e nang le thepa e itseng ea mechine, mocheso, kapa motlakase masimong a li-polymer le thepa e kopaneng.
Qetello
Lihlopha tse sebetsang li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khetholleng litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa 'mele tsa metsoako ea khabone. Ho utloisisa mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlopha tse sebetsang, karabelo ea tsona, le ts'ebeliso ea tsona liindastering tse fapaneng ke senotlolo sa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji le saense. Ka ho tsoela pele ho ithuta le ho utloisisa lihlopha tse sebetsang, re ka nts'etsapele lisebelisoa le mahlale a macha a ka fetolang tsela eo re phelang le ho sebetsa ka eona.
