Electrochemistry: Metheo le Litšebeliso Bophelong ba Kajeno
Pendahuluan
Electrochemistry ke lekala la k'hemistri le ithutang kamano pakeng tsa dikarabelo tsa dikhemikhale le motlakase. Sepheo se seholo sa lefapha lena ke phetoho ya matla a dikhemikhale hore e be matla a motlakase, mme ka tsela e fapaneng. Electrochemistry e bapala karolo ya bohlokwa dikarolong tse ngata tsa bophelo ba sejwalejwale, ho tloha dibetri le disele tsa mafura ho ya ho hlwekiseng tshepe le ho kopanngwa ha dikhemikhale ka motlakase. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba metheo ya electrochemistry, melaomotheo ya yona ya tshebetso, le ditshebediso tsa yona tsa bohlokwa tse fetolang tsela eo re phelang le ho sebetsa ka yona.
Metheo ea Electrochemistry
Karabelo ea Redox
Electrochemistry e amana haufi-ufi le dikarabelo tsa ho fokotsa oxidation (redox). Dikarabelong tsena, dielektrone di fetisetswa ho tloha mofuteng o mong ho ya ho o mong. Mofuta o lahlehelwang ke dielektrone ho thwe o na le oxidation, ha mofuta o fumanang dielektrone ho thwe o na le oxidation. Karabelo e nngwe le e nngwe ya redox e na le dikarabelo tse pedi tsa halofo: karabelo ya halofo ya oxidation le karabelo ya halofo ya phokotso.
Bokhoni ba Electrode
Karabelo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea halofo e na le bokhoni bo itseng ba electrode, kapa motlakase, o lekanyang tšekamelo ea mofuta oa ho oxidized kapa ho fokotsoa. Matla a tloaelehileng a electrode a hlalosoa ha a bapisoa le electrode e tloaelehileng ea hydrogen (SHE), e hlalosoang e le e nang le bokhoni ba 0 volts.
Molao oa Faraday
Electrochemistry e laoloa ke melao ea Faraday, e hlalosang kamano ea bongata pakeng tsa bongata ba motlakase o sebelisitsoeng le bongata ba ntho e fokolitsoeng kapa e nang le oxidized. Molao oa pele oa Faraday o bolela hore boima ba ntho e behiloeng kapa e qhibilihisitsoeng ho electrode bo lekana le bongata ba tjhaja ea motlakase e fetisitsoeng ka tharollo. Molao oa bobeli oa Faraday o bolela hore bakeng sa boima bo tšoanang, bongata ba ho kenngoa ha ntho bo fapana ho latela palo ea lielektrone tse amehang karabelong ea redox ea ntho ka 'ngoe.
Lisele tsa Galvanic le Lisele tsa Electrolytic
K'hemistri ea motlakase e kenyelletsa mefuta e 'meli e meholo ea lisele tsa motlakase: lisele tsa galvanic le lisele tsa electrolytic. Lisele tsa galvanic li fetola matla a lik'hemik'hale hore e be matla a motlakase, joalo ka ha li fumanoa libetering. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lisele tsa electrolytic li sebelisa matla a motlakase ho khanna liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sa reroang, 'me hangata li sebelisoa ho hloekiseng tšepe le ho etseng electrolytic.
Litšebeliso tsa Elektrokhemik'hale
Libetri le Li-Accumulator
Libetri ke mohlala o tloaelehileng haholo oa ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tsa motlakase. Libetri li sebetsa ho latela molao-motheo oa sele ea galvanic, moo karabelo ea redox e sa reroang e hlahisang matla a motlakase. Ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea libetri, ho kenyeletsoa libetri tsa lead-acid (li-accumulators), libetri tsa lithium-ion, le libetri tsa alkaline. Mofuta o mong le o mong o na le melemo le mathata a oona, hammoho le lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng. Libetri tsa lithium-ion, mohlala, li sebelisoa haholo lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse nkehang habobebe tse kang lifono tsa selefouno le lilaptop ka lebaka la matla a tsona a mangata le ho tjhaja hape ho hoholo.
Sele ea Mafura
Sele ea mafura ke sesebelisoa se fetolang matla a lik'hemik'hale a mafura (hangata haedrojene) hore e be motlakase ka karabelo ea electrochemical e nang le oksijene. Lisele tsa mafura li sebetsa hantle ho feta lifeme tsa motlakase tse tloaelehileng 'me li hlahisa mesi e fokolang. Lisele tsa mafura li ntse li sebelisoa haholoanyane likoloing tsa motlakase le e le mohloli o mong oa motlakase o mosa tikolohong.
Electrolysis
Electrolysis ke mokhoa oa ho sebelisa motlakase ho hlahisa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e sa reroang. Tšebeliso e 'ngoe e sebetsa indastering ea ho hloekisa tšepe, joalo ka tlhahiso ea aluminium ho tsoa marung a bauxite. Electrolysis e boetse e sebelisoa ho hlahisa chlorine le sodium hydroxide ho tsoa tharollong ea sodium chloride, hammoho le ho hlahisa haedrojene ho tsoa metsing.
Tšireletso ea Mafome le Cathodic
Bothata bo bong bo boholo boenjiniereng le kahong ke ho bola, e leng ts'ebetso ea ho senyeha ha thepa ka lebaka la liketso tsa electrochemical tikolohong ea eona. Ho bola ho ka baka tšenyo e kholo ea sebopeho le tahlehelo ea moruo. Tšireletso ea Cathodic ke mokhoa o sebelisoang ho thibela ho bola, moo motlakase o sebelisoang ho loantša liketso tsa redox tse bakang ho bola. Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa haholo ho sireletsa liphaephe, litanka le mehaho e ka tlas'a metsi.
Sensor ea Motlakase
Li-sensor tsa electrochemical li sebelisoa ho lemoha le ho lekanya mahloriso a itseng a ntho ka har'a tharollo. Li-glucometer, tse sebelisoang ke batho ba nang le lefu la tsoekere ho lekola maemo a tsoekere maling, ke mohlala oa ts'ebeliso ea sensor ea electrochemical. Li-sensor tsena li sebetsa ho latela liphetoho tsa motlakase tse hlahisoang ke karabelo ea redox pakeng tsa glucose le reagent ho electrode ea sensor.
Phekolo ea litšila
Theknoloji ea electrochemical le eona e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kalafong ea metsi le metsi a litšila. Ka mohlala, ho kopanya ha electro ke mokhoa o sebelisang motlakase ho thibela litšila tse tsoang metsing a litšila. Ke mokhoa o sebetsang oa ho tlosa litšepe tse boima, lintho tse phelang le likokoana-hloko metsing.
Polokelo ea Matla
Ka tlhokomelo e ntseng e hola ho matla a ntjhafatswang, polokelo ya matla e se e le sebaka sa bohlokwa sa dipatlisiso. Dibetri tsa phallo ya Redox ke mofuta wa betri o bolokang matla ditharollong tse pedi tse arohaneng tsa electrolyte, e leng se dumellang polokelo e kgolo ya matla. Theknoloji ena e loketse ho boloka matla ho tswa mehloding e ntjhafatswang jwalo ka matla a letsatsi le a moya.
Lintlafatso tsa morao-rao
Patlisiso ea k'hemistri ea motlakase e ntse e tsoela pele ka potlako, ka lintho tse ncha tse sibolotsoeng tse fanang ka monyetla o moholo oa boqapi. Sebaka se seng se sebetsang ke nts'etsopele ea libeteri tse sireletsehileng, tse sebetsang hantle le tse sireletsang tikoloho haholoanyane. Patlisiso ea thepa e ncha ea cathode, li-electrolyte tsa boemo bo tiileng, le mahlale a ho paka a modular e ntse e tsoela pele.
Tšimo e 'ngoe e hlahellang ke lipatlisiso tsa nanoelectrochemistry, moo liketso tsa electrochemical li fetoloang ka tekanyo ea nanometer. Sena se bula monyetla o mocha bakeng sa li-sensor, lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse nyane, le tšebeliso e sebetsang hantle ea matla.
Qetello
K'hemistri ea motlakase, ka melao-motheo ea eona ea motheo le ts'ebeliso e pharaletseng, e bapetse karolo e ke keng ea nkeloa sebaka ho khanneng tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo ba rona. Ho tloha libetering tse matlafatsang lisebelisoa tsa rona tsa elektroniki ho ea liseleng tsa mafura tse tšepisang bokamoso ba eneji e hloekileng, le ho tloha mahlaleng a kalafo ea metsi ho ea ho sireletsa meaho ho bola, k'hemistri ea motlakase e ama likarolo tse ngata tsa maphelo a rona. Ha lipatlisiso le boqapi li ntse li tsoela pele, re ka lebella likhatelo-pele tse ling tse sebelisang bokhoni ba k'hemistri ea motlakase ho rarolla liphephetso tsa lefats'e tsa nakong e tlang.
