Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka Stoichiometry: Ho Utloisisa Metheo le Litšebeliso tsa Eona
Stoichiometry ke lekala la k'hemistri le ithutang dikarolelano tsa bongata pakeng tsa di-reactant le dihlahiswa karabelong ya dikhemikhale. Ha e le hantle, stoichiometry e amana haufi le molao wa paballo ya boima, o ileng wa hlahiswa pele ke Antoine Lavoisier. Saense ena e theha motheo wa dikgopolo tse ngata k'hemistring, ho tloha dikarabelong tse bonolo ho isa ditshebetsong tse rarahaneng tsa indasteri. Sengoloa sena se tla buisana ka mehlala e mmalwa ya mathata a stoichiometry, hammoho le ditlhaloso le ditharollo tsa ona.
Mohlala oa 1: Ho Araba Haedrojene le Oksijene
Potso: Bala palo ea limolek'hule tsa metsi tse entsoeng ka karabelo pakeng tsa ligrama tse 4 tsa haedrojene (H₂) le ligrama tse 32 tsa oksijene (O₂).
Puisano:
1. Ho Ngola Tekanyo ea Karabelo:
Karabelo pakeng tsa haeterojene le oksijene ho etsa metsi e ka ngolwa ka tsela e latelang:
\[ 2H₂ + O₂ \motsu 2H₂O \]
2. Ho Bala Bongata ba Molar:
Boima ba molar ba haedrojene (H₂) ke 2 g/mol mme boima ba molar ba oksijene (O₂) ke 32 g/mol. Metsi (H₂O) a na le boima ba molar ba 18 g/mol.
3. Ho Bala Palo ea Li-Moles tsa Li-Reactant:
Palo ea li-moles tsa haeterojene:
\[ \text{mol H₂} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{molar mass}} = \frac{4}{2} = 2 \text{mol} \]
Palo ea limolek'hule tsa oksijene:
\[ \text{mol O₂} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{molar mass}} = \frac{32}{32} = 1 \text{mol} \]
4. Fumana Reagent e Lekanyetsang:
Ho ya ka equation ya karabelo, di-mole tse 2 tsa H₂ di arabela le mole e le 1 ya O₂. Mona, haeterojene (di-mole tse 2) e bapisa mole e le 1 ya oksijene, ho ya ka stoichiometry ya equation.
5. Ho Bala Palo ea Lihlahisoa:
Ho tsoa ho equation ea karabelo, li-mole tse 2 tsa H₂ li hlahisa li-mole tse 2 tsa H₂O. Kaha re na le li-mole tse 2 tsa H₂, e tla theha:
\[ 2 \text{ moles H₂O} = 2 \times 6,022 \times 10^{23} \text{ moles} = 1,2044 \times 10^{24} \text{ moles} \]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Ho Chesoa ha Propane
Potso: Ke bophahamo bofe ba khase ea carbon dioxide (CO₂) bo hlahisoang maemong a STP haeba ligrama tse 44 tsa propane (C₃H₈) li chesoa ka botlalo?
Puisano:
1. Ho Ngola Tekanyo ea Karabelo:
Ho chesa hantle ha propane ke:
\[ C₃H₈ + 5O₂ \motsu o letona 3CO₂ + 4H₂O \]
2. Ho Bala Bongata ba Molar:
Boima ba molar ba propane (C₃H₈) ke 44 g/mol. Ka hona, palo ea li-molar tsa propane ke:
\[ \text{mol C₃H₈} = \frac{44}{44} = 1 \text{mol} \]
3. Ho Sheba Lipapiso tsa Stoichiometric:
Ho tsoa ho equation ea lik'hemik'hale, 1 mol ea C₃H₈ e hlahisa 3 mol ea CO₂.
4. Ho Bala Bophahamo ba CO₂:
Maemong a STP (mocheso o tloaelehileng le khatello), mole e le 'ngoe ea khase e na le bophahamo ba 22,4 L. Kahoo bophahamo ba CO₂ bo hlahisoang ke:
\[ \text{Volume CO₂} = 3 \text{ mol} \times 22,4 \text{ L/mol} = 67,2 \text{ L} \]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3: Karabelo ea Titration ea Asiti-Base
Potso: Ke bolumo bofe ba tharollo ea NaOH ea 0,1 M bo hlokahalang ho fokotsa 50 mL ea tharollo ea HCl ea 0,1 M?
Puisano:
1. Ho Ngola Tekanyo ea Karabelo:
Karabelo pakeng tsa NaOH le HCl ke:
\[ NaOH + HCl \ motsu NaCl + H₂O \]
2. Ho Bala Palo ea Li-Moles tsa HCl:
\[ \text{mol HCl} = M \times V = 0,1 \text{M} \times 0,050 \text{L} = 0,005 \text{mol} \]
3. Ho Bala Palo ea Li-Moles tsa NaOH:
Ho latela equation ea karabelo, mole e le 'ngoe ea NaOH e arabela le mole e le 'ngoe ea HCl. Ka hona, limole tse hlokahalang tsa NaOH le tsona ke limole tse 0,005.
4. Ho Bala Bolumo ba NaOH:
\[ \text{Bolumo ba NaOH} = \frac{\text{mol}}{M} = \frac{0,005 \text{ mol}}{0,1 \text{ M}} = 0,050 \text{ L} = 50 \text{ mL} \]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 4: Karabelo le Reagent ea Tokollo
Potso: Haeba digrama tse 10 tsa calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) di arajwa ka 100 mL ya tharollo ya 1 M HCl, ho hlahiswa digrama tse kae tsa carbon dioxide (CO₂)?
Puisano:
1. Ho Ngola Tekanyo ea Karabelo:
Karabelo pakeng tsa CaCO₃ le HCl ke:
\[ CaCO₃ + 2HCl \motsu o nepahetseng CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂ \]
2. Ho Bala Bongata ba Molar:
Boima ba molar ba CaCO₃ ke 100 g/mol, mme HCl ke 36,5 g/mol.
3. Ho Bala Palo ea Li-Moles tsa Li-Reactant:
\[ \text{mol CaCO₃} = \frac{10 \text{g}}{100 \text{g/mol}} = 0,1 \text{mol} \]
\[ \mongolo{mol HCl} = 1 \mongolo{M} \makgetlo 0,1 \mongolo{L} = 0,1 \mongolo{mol} \]
4. Fumana Reagent e Lekanyetsang:
Ho latela equation ea karabelo, 1 mol ea CaCO₃ e arabela le 2 mol ea HCl. Mona, CaCO₃ ke reagent e fokotsang hobane 0,1 mol ea CaCO₃ e tla hloka 0,2 mol ea HCl, ha re na le 0,1 mol ea HCl feela.
5. Ho Bala Palo ea Lihlahisoa:
Ka 0,1 mol ea HCl, ke 0,05 mol feela ea CaCO₃ e tla arabela, e hlahise 0,05 mol ea CO₂.
6. Ho bala Boima ba CO₂:
Boima ba molar ba CO₂ ke 44 g/mol. Ka hona, boima ba CO₂ bo hlahiswang ke:
\[ \text{boima ba CO₂} = 0,05 \text{ mol} \times 44 \text{ g/mol} = 2,2 \text{ g} \]
Qetello
Ho utloisisa stoichiometry ho hloka tsebo ea motheo ea boima ba molar, li-equation tsa karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale, le mohopolo oa li-moles. Ho itlhakisa ka mathata a fapaneng a mehlala ho ka thusa ho matlafatsa kutloisiso ea kamano pakeng tsa li-reactants le lihlahisoa liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale. Sengoloa sena se hlahisa mathata a 'maloa a mehlala a akaretsang mefuta e fapaneng ea karabelo, ho tloha ho tse bonolo ho isa ho tse amanang le li-reactants tse fokotsang, ho thusa ho hlakisa mohopolo oa stoichiometry.
