Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buang ka ho Hasana ha Maqhubu a Elektromakenete
Ho ata ha maqhubu a motlakase ke mohopolo oa bohlokoa fisiks o hlalosang kamoo maqhubu, a kang leseli, maqhubu a seea-le-moea le mahlaseli a X, a tsamaeang kateng sebakeng le linthong. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mehlala le litharollo tsa eona tse amanang le ho ata ha maqhubu a motlakase. Morero oa sehlooho sena ke ho fana ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea mohopolo ona le ho itloaetsa tsebo ea ho rarolla mathata e amanang le oona.
Ho Utloisisa Maqhubu a Elektromagnetic
Maqhubu a motlakase ke maqhubu a tsamayang sebakeng, a jereng matla a motlakase le a makenete. Maqhubu ana ha a hloke sebui ho ata, e leng se a dumellang ho tsamaya ka vacuum. Mehlala ya maqhubu a motlakase e kenyeletsa lesedi le bonahalang, lesedi la ultraviolet, maqhubu a seea-le-moea, di-microwave, di-X-ray le mahlaseli a gamma.
Likarolo tsa Maqhubu a Motlakase
Maqhubu a motlakase a bopilwe ke masimo a motlakase (E) le masimo a makenete (B) a potolohang ka sinusoidal le a otlolohileng ho e mong le e mong mme a otlolohile ho ya ka tsela eo maqhubu a hasanang ka yona. Lebelo la ho ata ha maqhubu a motlakase ka har'a vacuum ke lebelo la lesedi \(c\) leo hangata le nkuwang e le \(3 \makgetlo a 10^8\) dimithara ka motsotsoana.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Potso ea 1: Maqhubu a Elektromakenete ka har'a Vacuum
Hoa tsebahala hore leqhubu la motlakase le na le bolelele ba leqhubu ba \( \lambda = 500 \) nm (nanometers). Bala maqhubu a leqhubu.
Puisano:
Lebelo la lesedi ka har'a vacuum cleaner ke \(3 \makgetlo a 10^8\) m/s. Lebelo la maqhubu \( \lambda \) ke 500 nm, kapa 500 x \(10^{-9}\) m. Rea tseba hore lebelo la leqhubu la motlakase ke sehlahisoa sa maqhubu (f) le bolelele ba maqhubu (\(\lambda\)).
\[
c = f \times \lambda
\]
Ho fumana maqhubu, re hlophisa foromo e kaholimo ho:
\[
f = \frac{c}{\lambda}
\]
Kenya boleng ba \(c\) le \(\lambda\):
\[
f = \frac{3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s}}{500 \times 10^{-9} \, \text{m}}
\]
\[
f = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{500 \times 10^{-9}}
\]
\[
f = \frac{3 \times 10^8}{5 \times 10^{-7}}
\]
\[
f = \frac{3}{5} \makgetlo a 10^{15}
\]
\[
f = 0.6 \makhetlo a 10^{15}
\]
\[
f = 6 \makgetlo a 10^{14} \, \mongolo{Hz}
\]
Kahoo, maqhubu a leqhubu ke \(6 \makgetlo a 10^{14}\) Hz.
Potso ea 2: Matla a Maqhubu a Elektromakenete
Matla a tloaelehileng a leqhubu la motlakase a fanoa ke:
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} \epsilon_0 c E_0^2
\]
Moo \( \epsilon_0 = 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \, \text{C}^2/(\text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2)\) e leng permittivity ya vacuum, \(c\) ke lebelo la lesedi, mme \(E_0\) ke amplitude ya tshimo ya motlakase. Haeba amplitude ya tshimo ya motlakase \(E_0\) ya leqhubu la motlakase e le \(100 \, \text{V/m}\), fumana matla a leqhubu.
Puisano:
Kenya boleng bo tsejoang sebakeng sa foromo ea matla:
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} \epsilon_0 c E_0^2
\]
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} (8.85 \makgetlo a 10^{-12}) (3 \makgetlo a 10^8) (100)^2
\]
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} (8.85 \makgetlo a 10^{-12}) (3 \makgetlo a 10^8) (10^4)
\]
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} (8.85 \makgetlo a 10^{-12}) (3 \makgetlo a 10^{12})
\]
\[
I = \frac{1}{2} (26.55 \makgetlo a 10^{0})
\]
\[
I = 13.275 \, \mongolo{W/m}^2
\]
Kahoo, matla a tloaelehileng a maqhubu a motlakase ke \(13.275 \, \text{W/m}^2 \).
Potso ea 3: Ho aroloa ha Maqhubu a Elektromakenete
Leqhubu la motlakase le nang le polarized linearly le na le matla a lona a motlakase a lebisitsoeng ho latela x-axis le matla a lona a makenete ho latela y-axis. Haeba matla a matla a motlakase a le \(E_0 = 500 \, \text{V/m}\) mme matla a matla a makenete a le \(B_0\) a sa tsejwe, fumana boholo ba \(B_0\).
Puisano:
Kamano pakeng tsa masimo a motlakase le masimo a makenete maqhubung a motlakase ke ena:
\[
E_0 = c B_0
\]
Ka boleng ba \( E_0 = 500 \, \text{V/m} \) le \( c = 3 \times 10^8 \, \text{m/s} \):
\[
B_0 = \frac{E_0}{c}
\]
Kenya boleng ba \(E_0\) le \(c\):
\[
B_0 = \frac{500}{3 \makgetlo a 10^8}
\]
\[
B_0 = \frac{500}{3} \makhetlo a 10^{-8}
\]
\[
B_0 = 1.67 \makgetlo a 10^{-6} \, \mongolo{T}
\]
Kahoo, boholo ba matla a makenete \(B_0\) ke \( 1.67 \times 10^{-6} \, \text{T} \).
Qetello
Ho ata ha maqhubu a motlakase ke mohopolo oa motheo fisiks ka lits'ebetso tse pharaletseng ho tloha puisanong ho ea kalafong ea bongaka. Ka ho sebetsa mathateng a kang a kaholimo, re tšepa ho fumana kutloisiso e tebileng ea litšobotsi tsa maqhubu a motlakase, joalo ka bolelele ba leqhubu, maqhubu, matla, le kamano pakeng tsa masimo a motlakase le makenete. Kutloisiso e tiileng ea likhopolo tsena e re lokisetsa ho tobana le liphephetso thutong ea thuto, hammoho le mafapheng a fapaneng a theknoloji le indasteri.
