Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buang ka Oxidation le Phokotso
Pendahuluan
Ho oxidation le phokotso ke mehopolo ea motheo k'hemistring e hokahaneng le e sa arohaneng. Mekhoa ena e etsahala ka nako e le 'ngoe karabelong e tsejoang e le redox reaction (oxidation-reduction reaction). Karabelong ena, ntho e fetang oxidation e lokolla lielektrone, ha ntho e fetang phokotso e fumana lielektrone. Ho utloisisa haholoanyane, ha re shebeng mohlala oa bothata le tlhaloso ea bona.
Lipotso le Puisano mabapi le Oxidation le Phokotso
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Potso:
Fumana lintho tse fetang oxidation le phokotso ea karabelo e latelang:
\[ 2Mg(s) + O_2(g) \motsu o letona 2MgO(s) \]
Puisano:
Ho fumana hore na ke dintho dife tse fetang oxidation le phokotso, re hloka ho hlahloba phetoho ya palo ya oxidation ya karolo ka nngwe karabelong.
1. Linomoro tsa oxidation motsoakong oa pele:
– Magnesium (Mg) ke karolo e lokolohileng ka sebopeho (s) se tiileng, kahoo palo ea eona ea oxidation ke 0.
– Oksijene (O₂) ka sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa khase (g) ke karolo e lokolohileng, kahoo palo ea eona ea oxidation le eona ke 0.
2. Linomoro tsa oxidation metsoakong ea sehlahisoa:
– Magnesiamo e ka har'a magnesium oxide (MgO) e na le palo ea oxidation ea +2 (Mg²⁺).
– Oksijene ka hara magnesium oxide (MgO) e na le palo ya oxidation ya -2 (O²⁻).
3. Liphetoho palong ea oxidation:
– Magnesiamo e fetoha ho tloha ho 0 ho ya ho +2. Sena se bolela hore magnesium e bile le keketseho ya palo ya oxidation, kapa e se e qhibilihisitsoe.
– Oksijene e fetoha ho tloha ho 0 ho isa ho -2. Sena se bolela hore oksijene e bile le phokotseho palong ea oxidation, kapa e fokotsehile.
Qetello:
– Magnesium (Mg) ke ntho e fetang ka oxidation.
– Oksijene (O₂) ke ntho e fokotswang.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2
Potso:
Hlalosa moemeli oa oxidizing le moemeli oa ho fokotsa karabelong e latelang:
\[ Zn + CuSO_4 \rightarrow ZnSO_4 + Cu \]
Puisano:
Karabelong ena, re tla fumana hore na ke mang ea oxidizelitsoeng le hore na ke mang ea fokotsoang, hammoho le ho khetholla moemeli ea oxidizetsang le moemeli ea fokotsang.
1. Li-reactant:
– Zn(s): Palo ea oxidation = 0.
- Cu ho CuSO₄ : Nomoro ea oxidation = +2.
2. Lihlahisoa:
– Zn ho ZnSO₄: Nomoro ea oxidation = +2.
– Cu (s): Nomoro ea oxidation = 0.
3. Liphetoho ho Linomoro tsa Oxidation:
– Zn e fetoha ho tloha ho 0 ho ea ho +2. Sena se bolela hore Zn e ba le keketseho ea palo ea oxidation, kapa e feta oxidation.
– Cu e fetoha ho tloha ho +2 ho ea ho 0. Sena se bolela hore Cu e na le phokotseho ea palo ea oxidation, kapa e fokotseha.
4. Di-Oxidizing Agents le Di-Reducer tse Fokotsang:
– Moemeli o oxidizing ke ntho e bakang hore ntho e 'ngoe e oxidize, 'me ka boeona ea fokotseha. Karabelong ena, Cu²⁺ ho CuSO₄ e baka hore Zn e oxidize, kahoo Cu²⁺ ke moemeli o oxidizing.
– Moemeli ea fokotsang ke ntho e etsang hore ntho e 'ngoe e fokotsehe, 'me ka boeona e fetoha oxidized. Karabelong ena, Zn e baka hore Cu²⁺ e fokotsehe, kahoo Zn ke moemeli ea fokotsang.
Qetello:
– Moemeli oa oxidizing ke Cu²⁺ ho CuSO₄.
– Moemeli ea fokotsang ke Zn.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3
Potso:
Bala linomoro tsa oxidation tsa likarolo tse metsoakong e latelang:
\[ H_2SO_4 \]
Puisano:
Ho fumana palo ea oxidation ea karolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka har'a asiti ea sulfuric (H₂SO₄), re sebelisa melao bakeng sa ho fumana linomoro tsa oxidation.
1. Haedrojene (H) ka har'a metsoako hangata e na le palo ea oxidation ea +1.
2. Oksijene (O) ka har'a metsoako hangata e na le palo ea oxidation ea -2.
3. Palo yohle ya dinomoro tsa oxidation ka hara motsoako o sa nke lehlakore e lokela ho ba 0.
Jwale re bala:
– Haedrojene: liathomo tse 2 tsa H ka 'ngoe +1, kakaretso (+1) 2 = +2.
– Oksijene: 4 O diathomo ka 'ngoe -2, kakaretso (-2) 4 = -8.
– Sebabole: A re re nomoro ea oxidation S = x.
Palo yohle ya dinomoro tsa oxidation:
\[ 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 \]
\[ 2 + x – 8 = 0 \]
\[x – 6 = 0 \]
\[x = +6 \]
Qetello:
– Nomoro ea oxidation H = +1
– Nomoro ea oxidation O = -2
– Palo ea oxidation S = +6
Mohlala oa Potso ea 4
Potso:
Karabelong e latelang, fumana palo ea oxidation ea karolo ka 'ngoe, 'me u fumane karabelo ea halofo ea karabelo ena ea redox:
\[ MnO_4^- + 8H^+ + 5Fe^{2+} \ho le letona Mn^{2+} + 4H_2O + 5Fe^{3+} \]
Puisano:
1. Fumana nomoro ea oxidation:
– Mn ho MnO₄⁻ : Palo ea oxidation ea Mn ke +7. (Hobane O = -2 ho liathomo tse 4 tsa O: (-2) 4 = -8; Ione e lekanang ea MnO₄⁻ = -1; Kahoo Mn e tlameha ho ba +7 bakeng sa tekano: +7 – 8 = -1).
– Fe ho Fe²⁺: Palo ea oxidation ea Fe ke +2.
– Mn ho Mn²⁺: Palo ea oxidation ea Mn ke +2.
– Fe ho Fe³⁺: Palo ea oxidation ea Fe ke +3.
– Oksijene ho H₂O: Palo ya oxidation ya O ke -2.
– Haedrojene ho H₂O: Palo ya oxidation ya H ke +1.
2. Fumana karabelo ea halofo:
– Karabelo ea oxidation (Fe²⁺ e fetoha Fe³⁺):
\[ Fe^{2+} \rightarrow Fe^{3+} + e^- \]
– Karabelo ea phokotso (MnO₄⁻ ho ea ho Mn²⁺):
\[ MnO_4^- + 8H^+ + 5e^- \ho le letona Mn^{2+} + 4H_2O \]
Qetello:
– Palo ea oxidation ea Mn ho MnO₄⁻ ke +7.
– Palo ea oxidation ea Fe ho Fe²⁺ ke +2.
– Palo ea oxidation ea Fe ho Fe³⁺ ke +3.
Ho koala
Ka ho utloisisa mehlala le lipuisano tsa eona, re ka utloisisa habonolo likhopolo tsa oxidation le phokotso ea k'hemistri. Linomoro tsa oxidation li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khethoeng hore na ke lintho life tse oxidation le hore na ke life tse fokotsoang liketsong tsa lik'hemik'hale. Re tšepa hore sengoloa sena se tla u thusa ho utloisisa le ho tseba haholoanyane likhopolo tsa oxidation le phokotso.
