Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buang ka Tekano ea Lik'hemik'hale
Tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale ke khopolo ea bohlokoa k'hemistring e hlalosang boemo boo sekhahla sa liketso tsa pele le tse khutlelang morao karabelong ea lik'hemik'hale li lekanang. Tlas'a boemo bona, mahloriso a li-reactant le lihlahisoa a lula a sa fetohe. Sengoloa sena se tla fana ka mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata le litharollo tsa ona ho thusa ho utloisisa mohopolo oa tekano ea lik'hemik'hale.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Tekano ea Lik'hemik'hale
Tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale e etsahala ha karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale e ka tsoela pele ka mokhoa o khutlelang morao kapa ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli. Karabelo e ka fetoloang e ka tšoantšetsoa ka tsela e latelang:
\[ \text{aA} + \text{bB} \rightleftharpoons \text{cC} + \text{dD} \]
Di mana:
– A le B ke di-reactant,
– C le D ke dihlahiswa,
– a, b, c, le d ke di-coefficient tsa stoichiometric tsa ntho ka nngwe.
Ha ho fihlellwa tekano, sekgahla sa karabelo ya pele (dihlahiswa tse hlahisang) se lekana le sekgahla sa karabelo e fapaneng (dihlahiswa tse hlahisang di-reactant). Ntlheng ena, le hoja karabelo e tswela pele ka matla, mahloriso a dintho tsohle a dula a sa fetohe.
Tekano e sa Feleng (K)
Nako e sa fetoheng ea equilibrium \(K_c\) bakeng sa karabelo e kaholimo e ka hlalosoa ka tsela ena:
\[ K_c = \frac{{[\text{C}]^c [\text{D}]^d}}{{[\text{A}]^a [\text{B}]^b}} \]
Moo [X] e leng mahloriso a molar a ntho X. Ha ho sebediswa dikgatello tse sa fellang ho equilibrium ya kgase, equilibrium constant e hlahiswa e le \(K_p\).
Lipotso tsa Mohlala oa Tekano ea Lik'hemik'hale
Potso ea 1: Likarabelo tse nang le Lintlha tsa Mahloriso
Bongata ba mole e le 'ngoe ea N₂ le limole tse 3 tsa H₂ li kenngoa ka setshelong sa litha e le 'ngoe mochesong o itseng. Karabelo e tsoela pele ka tsela e latelang:
\[ \text{N}_2(g) + 3\text{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NH}_3(g) \]
Kamora hore tekano e fihlellehe, ho fumanoa 0,8 mol ea N₂. Bala tekano e sa fetoheng \(K_c\).
Puisano:
1. Fumana phetoho ea mahloriso:
Qalong, palo ea li-moles ke:
– \([\text{N}_2]_{initial} = 1 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{H}_2]_{initial} = 3 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3]_{initial} = 0 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Ka tekanyo, palo ea li-moles:
– \([\ mongolo{N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ mongolo{mol/L}\]
Phetoho ho N₂ = 1 – 0,8 = 0,2 mol/L
2. Stoichiometry ea liphetoho:
\[
\mongolo{N}_2(g) + 3\mongolo{H}_2(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\mongolo{NH}_3(g)
\]
Kahoo, liphetoho bakeng sa H₂ le NH₃:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 \cdot 0,2 = 0,6 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\text{NH}_3] = 2 \cdot 0,2 = 0,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
Tekanyo ea limolek'hule:
– \([\text{H}_2] = 3 – 0,6 = 2,4 \, \text{mol/L}\]
– \([\mongolo{NH}_3] = 0 + 0,4 = 0,4 \, \mongolo{mol/L}\]
3. Bala \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NH}_3]^2}{[\text{N}_2][\text{H}_2]^3}
\]
Kenya boleng sebakeng sa bona:
– \([\mongolo{NH}_3] = 0,4 \, \mongolo{mol/L}\]
– \([\ mongolo{N}_2] = 0,8 \, \ mongolo{mol/L}\]
– \([\mongolo{H}_2] = 2,4 \, \mongolo{mol/L}\]
\[
K_c = \frac{(0,4)^2}{(0,8)(2,4)^3}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{0,8 \cdot 13,824}
\]
\[
= \frac{0,16}{11,0592}
hoo e ka bang 0,0145
\]
Potso ea 2: Phello ea Liphetoho Tseleng e sa Feleng
Bongata ba N₂O₄(g) bo bola ho ba 2NO₂(g) ka setshelong se kwetsweng. Mochesong o itseng, botsitso ba equilibrium \(K_c\) ke 0,36. Haeba mahloriso a pele a N₂O₄(g) e le 1,0 M mme ho se na NO₂(g) qalong, bala mahloriso a NO₂(g) ho equilibrium.
Puisano:
1. Ho Sebelisa Tafole ea ICE:
\[
\begin{align}
\text{Reaction:} & \ \ \text{N}_2\text{O}_4(g) \rightleftharpoons 2\text{NO}_2(g) \\
\text{Initial:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{0} = 1.0 \, \text{M}, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{0} = 0 \\
\text{Fetola:} & \ \ [\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]_{eq} = 1.0 – x, \ [\text{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x \\
\end{align}
\]
2. Ho hokela le \(K_c\):
\[
K_c = \frac{[\text{NO}_2]^2}{[\text{N}_2\text{O}_4]}
= \frac{(2x)^2}{1.0 – x}
= \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
3. Fumana x:
\[
K_c = 0,36
\]
Kahoo, ho nkela sebaka:
\[
0,36 = \frac{4x^2}{1 – x}
\]
Tšela ho atisa:
\[
0,36(1 – x) = 4x^2
\]
\[
0,36 – 0,36x = 4x^2
\]
Suthisetsa tsohle ka lehlakoreng le leng:
\[
4x^2 + 0,36x – 0,36 = 0
\]
4. Ho Rarolla Li-Quadratic Equations:
Sebelisa foromo ea quadratic:
\[
x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 – 4ac}}{2a}
\]
Moo a = 4, b = 0,36 le c = -0,36:
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{(0,36)^2 – 4(4)(-0,36)}}{2(4)}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{0,1296 + 5,76}}{8}
\]
\[
x = \frac{-0,36 \pm \sqrt{5,8896}}{8}
\]
Kaha mahloriso a ke ke a ba mpe, re khetha motso o motle:
\[
x \hoo e ka bang 0,36
\]
5. Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha NO₂:
\[
[\mongolo{NO}_2]_{eq} = 2x = 2 \cdot 0,36 = 0,72 \, \mongolo{M}
\]
Qetello
Ho utloisisa tekatekano ea lik'hemik'hale ke senotlolo sa ho bolela esale pele hore na sistimi ea lik'hemik'hale e tla arabela joang tlas'a maemo a itseng. Ka boikoetliso le kutloisiso e felletseng, re ka rarolla mathata a amanang le mohopolo ona, ra hlalosa boemo ba ho qetela ba sistimi, le ho utloisisa matla a liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale tsamaisong e koetsoeng. Ho lemoha le ho sebelisa tekatekano e sa fetoheng \(K_c\) ho tla etsa hore ho be bonolo ho bolela esale pele mahloriso a mefuta eohle tsamaisong e leka-lekaneng.
