Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano mabapi le Li-electrolyte
Li-electrolyte ke lintho tse ka tsamaisang motlakase ha li qhibiliha ka metsing kapa li-solvent tse ling. Li-electrolyte li arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli e meholo: li-electrolyte tse matla le li-electrolyte tse fokolang. Li-electrolyte tse matla li ionize ka botlalo tharollong, ha li-electrolyte tse fokolang li ionize ka karolo e itseng feela. Li-electrolyte li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa liketsong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla mathata a 'maloa a mehlala le litlhaloso tsa ona mabapi le li-electrolyte.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Ho Fumana Tekanyo ea Ionization
Potso: Tharollo ea asiti ea acetic (CH₃COOH) e tsejoa e na le mahloriso a 0,1 M le tekanyo ea ionization (α) ea 4%. Mahloriso a li-ion ka har'a tharollo ke afe?
Puisano:
1. Fumana tekanyo ea ionization:
Tekanyo ea ionization (α) ke karolo ea ntho e entsoeng ionized ka har'a tharollo. Kaha α = 4% = 0.04.
2. Tekanyo ea ionization ea asiti ea acetic:
\[
\text{CH}_3\text{COOH} \rightleftharpoons \text{CH}_3\text{COO}^- + \text{H}^+
\]
3. Ho bala mahloriso:
Khatello ea pele ea CH₃COOH ke 0,1 M. Kaha tekanyo ea ionization ke 0,04, joale:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COO}^-] = [\text{H}^+] = 0.1 \times 0.04 = 0.004 \text{M}
\]
Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha CH₃COOH e sa ionized:
\[
[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}] = 0.1 \text{M} – 0.004 \text{M} = 0.096 \text{M}
\]
Karabo:
\[
[\mongolo{CH}_3\mongolo{COO}^-] = 0.004 \mongolo{M}
[\mongolo{H}^+] = 0.004 \mongolo{M}
[\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}] e sa ionized = 0.096 \text{M}
\]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Ho Bala Ksp (Sehlahisoa sa ho Qhibiliha)
Potso: Ha ho fanoa ka letsoai, BaSO₄, le qhibilihang hanyane metsing ka ho qhibiliha ha 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M. Bala Ksp ea BaSO₄.
Puisano:
1. Tekanyo ea ho qhibiliha bakeng sa letsoai la BaSO₄:
\[
\mongolo{BaSO}_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons \mongolo{Ba}^{2+} (aq) + \mongolo{SO}_4^{2-} (aq)
\]
2. Ho qhibiliha ha metsi:
Ka lebaka la ho qhibiliha ha BaSO₄ = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M.
3. Bala mahloriso a li-ion:
Haeba ho qhibiliha ha BaSO₄ = s = 1,0 × 10⁻⁵ M, joale:
\[
[\text{Ba}^{2+}] = 1,0 \times 10^{-5} \text{M}
\]
\[
[\mongolo{SO}_4^{2-}] = 1,0 \makgetlo a 10^{-5} \mongolo{M}
\]
4. Ho bala Ksp:
\[
K_{sp} = [\text{Ba}^{2+}] \times [\text{SO}_4^{2-}]
\]
\[
K_{sp} = (1,0 \makgetlo a 10^{-5}) \makgetlo (1,0 \makgetlo a 10^{-5})
\]
\[
K_{sp} = 1,0 \makgetlo a 10^{-10}
\]
Karabo:
\[
K_{sp} \text{ BaSO₄} = 1,0 \times 10^{-10}
\]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3: pH ea Tharollo ea Asiti le Motheo
Potso: Bala pH ea tharollo ea HCl ka mahloriso a 0,01 M.
Puisano:
1. Tekanyo ea ionization ea HCl:
\[
\text{HCl} \rightarrow \text{H}^+ + \text{Cl}^-
\]
HCl ke asiti e matla, kahoo ionization e phethehile.
2. Bala mahloriso a li-ion tsa haedrojene:
Khatello ea HCl = 0,01 M e bolela:
\[
[\mongolo{H}^+] = 0.01 \mongolo{M}
\]
3. Ho bala pH:
\[
\text{pH} = -\log[\text{H}^+]
\]
\[
\mongolo{pH} = -\log(0.01)
\]
\[
mongolo{pH} = 2
\]
Karabo:
\[
\text{pH} \text{ HCl solution} = 2
\]
Mohlala Potso ea 4: Ho bala pOH ea Tharollo ea Motheo
Potso: Bala pOH le pH ea tharollo ea KOH ka mahloriso a 0,001 M.
Puisano:
1. Tekanyo ea ionization ea KOH:
\[
\text{KOH} \rightarrow \text{K}^+ + \text{OH}^-
\]
KOH ke motheo o matla, kahoo ionization e phethehile.
2. Bala mahloriso a li-ion tsa hydroxide:
Khatello ea KOH = 0,001 M e bolela:
\[
[\mongolo{OH}^-] = 0.001 \mongolo{M}
\]
3. Ho bala pOH:
\[
\text{pOH} = -\log[\text{OH}^-]
\]
\[
\mongolo{pOH} = -\log(0.001)
\]
\[
\mongolo{pOH} = 3
\]
4. Ho bala pH:
\[
\mongolo{pH} = 14 – \mongolo{pOH}
\]
\[
\mongolo{pH} = 14 – 3
\]
\[
mongolo{pH} = 11
\]
Karabo:
\[
\text{pOH} \text{ tharollo ea KOH} = 3
\text{pH} \text{ tharollo ea KOH} = 11
\]
Mohlala oa Potso ea 5: Ho Fumana Khatello ea Li-ion tsa Hydroxide
Potso: Tharollo ea hydrofluoric acid (HF) e na le pH ea 3. Ke bokae ba li-ion tsa hydroxide (OH⁻) tharollong?
Puisano:
1. Fumana hore na li-ion tsa haedrojene li na le bokae:
Kaha pH = 3, joale:
\[
[\mongolo{H}^+] = 10^{-3} \mongolo{M}
\]
2. Ho sebelisoa mohopolo oa kamano pakeng tsa pH le pOH:
\[
\mongolo{pH} + \mongolo{pOH} = 14
\]
3. Ho bala pOH:
\[
\mongolo{pOH} = 14 – \mongolo{pH}
\]
\[
\text{pOH} = 14 – 3 = 11
\]
4. Bala mahloriso a li-ion tsa hydroxide:
\[
[\mongolo{OH}^-] = 10^{-\mongolo{pOH}}
\]
\[
[\mongolo{OH}^-] = 10^{-11} \mongolo{M}
\]
Karabo:
\[
[\text{OH}^-] \text{ ka tharollo ea HF} = 1 \times 10^{-11} \text{M}
\]
Qetello
Ho utloisisa mehopolo ea motheo ea li-electrolyte le ho qhibiliha ho bohlokoa k'hemistring. Ka ho tseba ho bala tekanyo ea ionization, Ksp, pH, le pOH, re ka rarolla mathata a fapaneng a amanang le litharollo tsa electrolyte. Sengoloa sena se buile ka mathata a 'maloa a mehlala le litharollo tsa ona ho fana ka kutloisiso e hlakileng ea mokhoa oa ho rarolla mathata a amanang le electrolyte. Ka tšepo, tlhaloso ena e thusa babali ba batlang ho tebisa tsebo ea bona ea li-electrolyte k'hemistring.
