Mehlala ea Lipotso tse Buisanang ka Metsoako e 'Mele ea Bohlokoa ea Lintho Tse Phelang le Melemo ea Tsona
Pendahuluan
Metswako ya tlhaho ke karolo ya bohlokwa ya k'hemistri ya bophelo. Metswako ena hangata e na le khabone sebopehong sa yona sa dimolek'hule mme e bapala karolo ya bohlokwa ditsamaisong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji. Sengoloa sena se tla buisana ka metswako e mmalwa ya bohlokwa ya tlhaho, e feletse ka mathata a mehlala le dipuisano ho utlwisisa melemo ya yona hamolemo.
Metswako ea Bohlokoa ea Lintho tse Hloahloa
1. Lik'habohaedreite
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi
Lik'habohaedreite ke metsoako ea tlhaho e nang le khabone, haeterojene le oksijene, hangata ka karolelano ea 2:1. Li sebetsa e le mohloli oa matla oa 'mele. Mehlala ea lik'habohaedreite e kenyelletsa glucose, fructose le sucrose.
Mohlala oa mathata
Potso:
Bala palo ea ATP e hlahisoang ke metabolism ea molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea tsoekere ka ho hema ka botlalo ha sele.
Puisano:
Ho hema ha sele ho na le:
– Glycolysis: e hlahisa 2 ATP.
– Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea glucose e hlahisa 2 ATP ka mekhahlelo e 'meli.
– Ketane ea Lipalangoang tsa Elektrone le Phosphorylation ea Oxidative: e hlahisa hoo e ka bang 34 ATP.
Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea ATP ho tsoa molek'huleng e le 'ngoe ea tsoekere ke:
2 (Glycolysis) + 2 (Krebs Cycle) + 34 (Ketane ea Lipalangoang tsa Elektrone) = 38 ATP.
Leha ho le jwalo, hobane tshebetso ya ho tsamaisa NADH ho tloha cytoplasm ho ya mitochondria e hloka matla, hangata ke ATP e ka bang 36 feela e hlahiswang ho tswa ho molek'hule e le nngwe ya glucose.
2. Lipids
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi
Lipids li kenyelletsa mafura, oli, phospholipids le li-steroid. Li sebetsa e le mabenkele a matla, likarolo tsa sebopeho sa lera la sele, le matšoao a lihormone.
Mohlala oa mathata
Potso:
Ke matla a makae a lokolloang ho tsoa ho oxidation ea molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea stearic acid (C18H36O2) phefumolohong ea sele?
Puisano:
Lipids li hlahisa matla a mangata ho feta lik'habohaedreite. Mohlala, oxidation ea molek'hule e le 'ngoe ea stearic acid ka β-oxidation le potoloho ea Krebs e hlahisa ATP e ngata:
– Molek'hule e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea stearic acid e hlahisa limolek'hule tse 9 tsa acetyl-CoA.
– Acetyl-CoA ka 'ngoe e hlahisa ATP e 10 potolohong ea Krebs.
– Kakaretso ea ATP e tsoang ho oxidation e felletseng ea stearic acid ke hoo e ka bang 120 ATP.
3. Liprotheine
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi
Liprotheine li entsoe ka li-amino acid tse sebetsang hoo e batlang e le lits'ebetsong tsohle tsa baeloji. Li sebetsa e le li-enzyme, lihormone le meaho ea sele. Mehlala e kenyelletsa enzyme amylase le hormone insulin.
Mohlala oa mathata
Potso:
Bolela 'me u hlalose karolo ea li-enzyme tlhahisong ea protheine.
Puisano:
– RNA Polymerase: Enzyme ena e kopanya mRNA ho tsoa ho template ea DNA nakong ea phetolelo.
– Li-Ribosome: Metswako ena ea protheine-RNA ke libaka tseo mRNA e fetoleloang ho tsona hore e be liketane tsa polypeptide.
– tRNA Synthetase: Enzyme ena e thusa ho tlamahana ha li-amino acid ho tRNA e nepahetseng.
– Peptidyl Transferase: Karolo ea ribosome e susumetsang ho thehoa ha maqhama a peptide pakeng tsa li-amino acid nakong ea phetolelo.
4. Li-nucleotide
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi
Li-nucleotide ke li-monomer tse etsang li-nucleic acid (DNA le RNA). Li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka le ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho fana ka matla (mohlala, ATP).
Mohlala oa mathata
Potso:
Hlalosa mokhoa oa ho ikatisa ha DNA liseleng tsa prokaryotic.
Puisano:
Ho pheta-pheta ha DNA ke mokhoa oa ho pheta-pheta DNA hore e be limolek'hule tse peli tse tšoanang.
1. Ho Itokolla (Ho Buloa ha Helix): Enzyme ea helicase e roba maqhama a haedrojene pakeng tsa li-nucleotide, e arola likhoele tse peli tsa DNA.
2. Ho kopanya li-primer (Ho kopanya li-primer tsa mantlha): Li-primer tsa RNA li hlahisoa ke li-primase.
3. Ho kopanya DNA (Ho kopanya DNA): DNA polymerase e eketsa di-nucleotide tse ntjha ho template ya DNA ho ya ka ho kopanya ha yona motheo ho tlatsanang.
4. Ho kopanya le ho lokisa: Enzyme ea ligase e hokahanya likaroloana tsa Okazaki khoeleng e salang morao, 'me DNA polymerase e hlahloba le ho lokisa liphoso.
5. Vithamine
Tlhaloso le Mosebetsi
Livithamine ke metsoako ea tlhaho e hlokahalang ka bongata bo bonyenyane empa e bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea 'mele. Li sebetsa e le li-coenzyme (mohlala, livithamine tse rarahaneng tsa B), li-antioxidants (livithamine C le E), le balaoli ba metabolism (vithamine D).
Mohlala oa mathata
Potso:
Karolo ea Vithamine C ke efe 'meleng oa motho, hona liphello tsa khaello ea eona ke life?
Puisano:
– Karolo ea Vithamine C: E sebetsa e le antioxidant, e thusa ho qaptjoa ha collagen, e eketsa ho monngoa ha tšepe, 'me e ntlafatsa sesole sa' mele.
– Litlamorao tsa Khaello: Khaello ea vithamine C e ka baka scurvy, e khetholloang ke mokhathala, bohloko ba mesifa le manonyeletso, marenene a tsoang mali, khaello ea mali le pholiso ea maqeba butle.
Qetello
Metswako ya tlhaho e kang dikhabohaedreite, mafura, diprotheine, di-nucleotide le divithamine ke dikarolo tsa bohlokwa ditshebetsong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji. Ho utlwisisa mosebetsi le melemo ya e nngwe le e nngwe ya metswako ena ho bohlokwa bophelong bo botle le bongaka. Mehlala ya mathata a sehloohong sena e fana ka kutlwisiso e tebileng ya hore na metswako ena e sebetsa jwang le bohlokwa ba yona ho bolokeng ho phela ha dibopuwa.
Sengoloa sena se lebelletsoe ho thusa babali ho utloisisa mehopolo ea mantlha ea metsoako e fapaneng ea bohlokoa ea lintho tse phelang le melemo ea eona, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba bona ba ho sekaseka le ho rarolla mathata a amanang le 'ona masimong a biochemistry le bophelo.
