Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka Anabolism le Catabolism
Ho baeloji, metabolism ke letoto la diketso tsa dikhemikhale tse etsahalang ka hara disele tsa dintho tse phelang ho boloka bophelo. Ka kakaretso, metabolism e arotsoe ka mefuta e mmedi ya ditshebetso: anabolism le catabolism. Anabolism e kenyeletsa ho haha dimolekhule tse kgolo ho tloha ho tse nyane, ha catabolism e kenyeletsa ho qhaqha dimolekhule tse kgolo ho ya ho tse nyane, ho lokolla matla a ka sebediswang ka ho toba ke mmele.
Kutloisiso e ntle ea anabolism le catabolism ke ea bohlokoa baelojing, haholo-holo bakeng sa baithuti ba ithutang baeloji kapa mahlale a bophelo bo botle. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlalosa mehlala ea mathata a amanang le anabolism le catabolism 'me re buisane ka ona.
Lipotso tsa Mohlala oa Anabolism
1. Potso ea 1: Ts'ebetso ea Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis ke mohlala o motle oa anabolism. Hlalosa kamoo ts'ebetso ea photosynthesis e hlahisang tsoekere ho tsoa ho carbon dioxide le metsi ka thuso ea matla a leseli.
Puisano:
Photosynthesis e etsahala ka har'a li-chloroplast tsa lisele tsa limela 'me e kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e 'meli e meholo: karabelo ea leseli le potoloho ea Calvin. Liketsahalong tsa leseli, khanya ea letsatsi e monngoa ke chlorophyll, e leng se fellang ka ho etsoa ha fotolysis ea metsi ho hlahisa oksijene, ATP le NADPH. Ebe, potolohong ea Calvin, ATP le NADPH li sebelisoa ho fetola carbon dioxide hore e be glucose. Tekanyo e akaretsang ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa photosynthesis ke:
\[
6CO_2 + 6H_2O + leseli \motsu o letona C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2
\]
2. Potso ea 2: Ho Kopanya Protheine
Mokhoa oa ho kopanya protheine ke mohlala oa anabolism joang, 'me karolo ea mRNA ke efe ts'ebetsong ena?
Puisano:
Ho qaptjoa ha protheine ke mokhoa oa anabolic o fetolang li-amino acid hore e be liprotheine. O kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e 'meli e meholo: ho ngoloa le ho fetoleloa. Ho ngoloeng ha protheine, DNA e sebelisoa e le mohlala oa ho etsa mRNA ka har'a nucleus ea sele. Ebe mRNA e tloha nucleus ebe e ea ho li-ribosome ka har'a cytoplasm. Mona, mohatong oa phetolelo, mRNA e fana ka tatellano e khethollang mofuta le tatellano ea li-amino acid tse lokelang ho kopanngoa ho ba polypeptide. Ka ho sebelisa matla a tsoang ho ATP, li-amino acid lia hokahana ho theha ketane ea polypeptide, ebe e mena ho ba protheine e sebetsang.
Mehlala ea Lipotso tsa Catabolism
1. Potso ea 3: Ho hema ha sele
Hlalosa kamoo ho hema ha sele ho sebetsang kateng e le mohlala oa ts'ebetso ea catabolic 'me u thathamise mekhahlelo e amehang ho hema ha sele ea aerobic.
Puisano:
Ho hema ha sele ke ts'ebetso ea catabolic e arolang tsoekere hore e be matla ka mokhoa oa ATP, metsi le carbon dioxide. Ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ka mekhahlelo e meraro e meholo: glycolysis, potoloho ea citric acid (potoloho ea Krebs), le ketane ea lipalangoang tsa lielektrone.
– Glycolysis e etsahala ka har'a cytoplasm mme e fetola tsoekere hore e be pyruvate, e hlahisang limolek'hule tse 2 tsa ATP le limolek'hule tse 2 tsa NADH.
– Potoloho ea Krebs e etsahala mitochondria, moo pyruvate e fetoloang ho ba acetyl-CoA, ebe e kena potolohong ea Krebs. Potoloho ka 'ngoe e hlahisa ATP e le 1, NADH tse 3, le FADH2 e le 1.
– Ketane ea Lipalangoang tsa Lielektrone ka har'a lera la mitochondrial e sebelisa NADH le FADH2 ho hlahisa matla bakeng sa tlhahiso ea ATP ka phosphorylation ea oxidative. Oksijene e sebelisoa e le moamoheli oa ho qetela oa lielektrone, e leng se etsang metsi.
2. Potso ea 4: Ho belisa
Ho belisa ke eng 'me ho fapana joang le ho hema ha sele mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa catabolic?
Puisano:
Ho belisa ke ts'ebetso ea anaerobic catabolic e etsahalang ha oksijene e sa fumanehe. Ha ho belisoa, glycolysis e tsoela pele ho hlahisa ATP e nyane, empa asiti ea pyruvic ha e kene potolohong ea Krebs. Ho e-na le hoo, ho belisa ho fetola pyruvate hore e be lihlahisoa tse ling, tse kang ethanol kapa lactic acid, ho nchafatsa NAD+ e hlokahalang bakeng sa glycolysis e tsoelang pele. Sena se fella ka chai e tlase haholo ea matla ha e bapisoa le ho hema ha sele ea aerobic.
Mehlala ea Lipotso tse Kopanyang Anabolism le Catabolism
1. Potso ea 5: Litšebelisano tsa Metabolism 'Meleng
Hlalosa kamoo 'mele oa motho o bolokang tekano pakeng tsa anabolism le catabolism le tšusumetso ea ho se leka-lekane hona bophelong bo botle.
Puisano:
'Mele oa motho o lula o fetola sekhahla sa anabolism le catabolism ho fihlela litlhoko tsa matla le thepa ea kaho ea lisele. Lihormone tse kang insulin le hormone ea kholo li hlohlelletsa anabolism, ha lihormone tse kang glucagon, adrenaline le cortisol li hlohlelletsa catabolism. Tekanyo ena e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka homeostasis.
Ho se leka-lekane pakeng tsa anabolism le catabolism ho ka lebisa mathateng a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle. Mohlala, sekhahla se phahameng sa catabolism ho feta anabolism se ka lebisa ho senyeha ho feteletseng ha lisele tsa 'mele, joalo ka mesifa, e leng se ka lebisang maemong a kang ho fokola ha mesifa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba anabolism e feta catabolism, ho bokellana ha mafura 'meleng ho ka etsahala, e leng se ka lebisang botenya.
Ka mehlala ena, kutloisiso ea anabolism le catabolism e ka ntlafatsoa, maemong a thuto le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Thuto e eketsehileng ea metabolism e boetse e bula tsela bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le tsa phepo e nepahetseng tse ka thusang ho sebetsana le mathata a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle a amanang le metabolism.
