Anatomy le Physiology ea Tsamaiso ea Methapo ho Liphoofolo tse se nang Lesapo la Mokokotlo
Sistimi ea methapo ke tšobotsi ea motheo baelojing ea liphoofolo tsohle, e sebetsang e le setsi sa taolo bakeng sa mesebetsi ea 'mele le likarabelo linthong tse susumetsang tikoloho. Liphoofolong tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo, mefuta-futa ea sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea methapo le ts'ebetso ea eona e pharaletse joalo ka sehlopha ka bosona, se kenyeletsang libopuoa tse tlohang ho liponche tse bonolo tsa leoatleng ho isa ho li-arthropod tse rarahaneng. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba sebopeho le physiology ea tsamaiso ea methapo ho liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo, se totobatsa liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa ho iphetola ha lintho tse tšehetsang ho phela ha tsona le tšebelisano-'moho le tikoloho ea tsona.
1. Litšobotsi tse akaretsang
Liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo ha li na lesapo la mokokotlo, empa sena ha se li qhelele ka thoko ho ba le litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa methapo. Leha liphoofolo tse ling tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo tse kang li-sponge (Phylum Porifera) li haelloa ke litsamaiso tsa 'nete tsa methapo, tse ling, tse kang li-cephalopod (sehlopha sa Cephalopoda sa Mollusca), li bontša boemo bo phahameng ba ho rarahana ha methapo.
2. Sistimi e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ea methapo
Ho qala ka mefuta e bonolo ka ho fetisisa, liponche li emela li-metazoan tsa khale ka ho fetisisa. Liponche ha li na li-neuron kapa lisele tsa methapo. Ho e-na le hoo, li itšetleha ka tsamaiso ea lisele tse se nang methapo ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling. Lisele tse ling tse kang li-choanocyte (lisele tsa molaleng) li hlahisa maqhubu a metsi ka masoba a tsona, e leng se lumellang seponche ho sefa lijo.
3. Matlooa a Hydra le Methapo
Mofuta o hlophisitsoeng haholoanyane oa tsamaiso ea methapo o ka bonoa ho li-Cnidarians, joalo ka hydra. Libōpuoa tsena li na le letlooa la methapo, tsamaiso ea methapo ea motheo le e arohaneng ntle le boko bo bohareng. Matlooa a methapo a lumella likarabo tse bonolo le tse tobileng ho li-stimuli. Letlooa le na le marang-rang a lisele tsa methapo tse hokahaneng (li-neurone) tse nolofalletsang phetiso ea li-pulse tsa motlakase. Sena se lumella li-cnidarians ho bontša mekhoa e bonolo joalo ka ho honyela le metsamao ea ho tsoma.
4. Platyhelminthes le Simple Cephalization
Ho diboko tse bataletseng (Phylum Platyhelminthes), re bona ho hlaha ha ho lekana ha mahlakore a mabedi le ho kopana ha disele—tshekamelo ya ho iphetola ha dintho moo tsamaiso ya methapo e kopanang pheletsong e nngwe ya ntho e phelang, e leng se etsang boko bo sa tlwaelehang kapa ganglia. Dibopeho tsena di kopanya dintho tse kentsweng kutlong le ho tsamaisa motsamao. Diboko tse bataletseng di na le tsamaiso ya methapo e kang lere, moo methapo e telele e tsamayang ho theosa le bolelele ba mmele mme e hokahantswe ke methapo e tshekaletseng.
5. Li-Annelid le Litsamaiso tsa Methapo tse Arohileng ka Likarolo
Ha re ntse re nyoloha lereng la ho iphetola ha lintho, litsamaiso tsa methapo ea annelids (Phylum Annelida) tse kang liboko tsa lefats'e li bontša ho rarahana ho hoholo. Li-Annelids li na le khoele ea methapo ea ventral e nang le ganglia e arohaneng. Karolo ka 'ngoe ea 'mele e na le ganglion ea eona, e laolang likarabelo tsa sebakeng seo. Ganglion ea cephalic, eo hangata e bitsoang 'boko' ba li-annelids, e sebetsana le tlhahisoleseling ea kutlo 'me e thusa ho hokahanya' meleng oohle oa annelids.
6. Li-arthropod: Ho rarahana ha Sebopeho le Mosebetsi
Li-arthropod (Phylum Arthropoda), ho kenyeletsoa likokoanyana, li-crustacean le li-arachnid, li bontša litsamaiso tse rarahaneng tsa methapo. Li na le boko bo hlalositsoeng hantle bo lutseng hloohong, bo hokahaneng le khoele ea methapo ea ventral le ganglia e arohaneng. Boko ba arthropod bo arotsoe ka libaka tse ikhethileng tse kang protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, le tritocerebrum, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho sebetsana le mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tse kenang kutlo le ho tsamaisa mesebetsi ea mesifa.
Ka mohlala, tsamaiso ea methapo ea likokoanyana e laola mekhoa e rarahaneng e kang ho fofa, ho tsamaea le ho sebelisana le batho. E na le li-neurone tse ka bang milione, e nolofalletsang mesebetsi ho tloha ho li-reflex tse bonolo ho isa mesebetsing e tsoetseng pele joalo ka ho ithuta le ho hopola.
7. Li-mollusk: Litokisetso tse Fapaneng tsa Methapo ea Kutlo
Li-mollusk (Phylum Mollusca) li na le mefuta e mengata ea mathata a tsamaiso ea methapo. Leha li-gastropod (likhofu le li-slug) li na le mokhatlo o bonolo oa methapo o nang le li-ganglia tse kopaneng, li-cephalopod (li-squid, li-octopus) li na le tsamaiso ea methapo e tsoetseng pele ka ho fetisisa har'a liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo. Li-cephalopod li na le boko bo boholo, bo bohareng bo nang le likarolo le li-tract, bo khonang ho sebetsana ka thata le ho laola mekhoa e rarahaneng e kang ho pata, ho ithuta sebaka le ho rarolla mathata.
Litsamaiso tsa methapo ea kutlo tsa Cephalopod li ka ba le li-neuron tse fihlang ho halofo ea bilione, ka karolo e kholo e fumanehang mahlong a tsona a rarahaneng, e fanang ka bokhoni bo tsoetseng pele ba ho sebetsana le pono. Bokhoni ba tsona ba ho fetola li-chromatophores (lisele tsa pigment letlalong) bakeng sa puisano kapa ho ipata bo bontša taolo e rarahaneng ea methapo ea kutlo.
8. Mekhoa ea Fisioloji
Ho sa tsotellehe mefuta e fapaneng ya ho rarahana ha tsamaiso ya methapo, melaomotheo e itseng ya motheo ya fisioloji e arolelanwa ho diphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo. Di-neuron, e leng mokokotlo wa tsamaiso ya methapo, di sebetsa ka ho hlahisa bokgoni ba ketso - diphetoho tse potlakileng bokgoning ba lera bo tsamayang lera la sele ya methapo. Di-synapses di thusa ho fetisetsa matshwao ana pakeng tsa di-neuron kapa ho tloha ho di-neuron ho ya mesifa, ho sebediswa di-neurotransmitters e le baromuwa ba dikhemikhale.
Li-neurotransmitter tse kang acetylcholine, dopamine, le serotonin li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng ts'ebetso ea methapo le boitšoaro, ho netefatsa hore liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo li ka arabela tikolohong ea tsona ka nepo.
9. Maikutlo a ho Iphetola ha Lintho
Ho ya ka pono ya ho iphetola ha dintho, ntshetsopele ya tsamaiso ya methapo ho diphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo e totobatsa mokgwa o lebisang ho eketsang ho tsepamisa maikutlo le ho ikgetha. Kgatelopele ena ya ho iphetola ha dintho e tshehetsa ntshetsopele ya boitshwaro le mesebetsi e rarahaneng haholoanyane, e nolofalletsang diphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a tikoloho.
Phetoho ea 'mele le ea 'mele e qaqisa lintho tse hlokahalang ho phela tse kang kutloisiso e phahameng ea kutlo, ho tsamaea ho ntlafetseng, le likamano tse rarahaneng tsa sechaba. Litsamaiso tsa methapo ea kutlo tsa liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo li bontša mefuta e mengata e tsotehang ea ho ikamahanya le maemo, e bonts'ang katleho ea tsona ea tikoloho le ea ho iphetola ha lintho libakeng tse fapaneng tsa bolulo.
fihlela qeto e
Thuto ea litsamaiso tsa methapo ho liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo e senola mefuta e mengata e khahlisang ea meralo ea methapo, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ikamahantseng le mokhoa oa bophelo le tikoloho ea sebopuoa. Ho tloha letlooeng la methapo ea cnidarians ho ea bokong bo rarahaneng ba li-cephalopods, litsamaiso tsa methapo ea methapo ea invertebrate li bontša mefuta e fapaneng ea boqapi ba baeloji, ho totobatsa likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa sebopeho, ts'ebetso le ho ikamahanya le tikoloho. Ho utloisisa litlhophiso tsena tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo ha ho fane feela ka temohisiso ea baeloji ea invertebrate empa hape ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona e pharaletseng ea phetoho ea tsamaiso ea methapo le ts'ebetso ho pholletsa le mefuta eohle ea bophelo.
