Karolo ea Likokoana-hloko ho Beliseng Lijo
Ho belisoa ha lijo ke mokhoa o khahlisang le o rarahaneng o 'nileng oa sebelisoa ke batho ka lilemo tse likete ho boloka, ho ntlafatsa tatso le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba phepo ea lijo. Likokoana-hloko—likokoana-hloko tse nyenyane, tseo hangata li nang le sele e le 'ngoe joalo ka libaktheria, tomoso le hlobo—li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ena ea phetoho. Mesebetsi ea tsona ea metabolism e khanna liphetoho tsa biochemical tse etsahalang nakong ea ho belisoa, e leng se hlahisang mefuta e mengata ea lijo le lino tse natefeloang lefatšeng ka bophara kajeno. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba karolo e nang le mahlakore a mangata ea likokoana-hloko ho belisoa ha lijo, se bontša kamoo lintho tsena tse nyenyane li sebetsang ka boloi ba tsona ba ho pheha.
Mohopolo oa nalane
Ho belisa ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea ho boloka lijo, ka bopaki ba lintho tsa khale bo bontšang hore batho ba 'nile ba belisa lijo ka lilemo tse fetang 9,000. Metse ea boholo-holo e ne e sebelisa ho belisa eseng feela ho lelefatsa bophelo ba lintho tse senyehang empa hape le ho li etsa hore li sireletsehe ka ho thibela kholo ea likokoana-hloko tse bakang mafu. Lino tse tahang tse kang biri le veine, lihlahisoa tsa lebese tse besitsoeng tse kang yogurt le chisi, le meroho e besitsoeng e kang sauerkraut le kimchi ke mehlala e seng mekae ea mokhoa ona oa khale.
Saense ea ho Belisa
Motheong oa eona, ho belisoa ha lijo ho kenyelletsa phetoho ea metabolism ea lik'habohaedreite le metsoako e meng ea lintho tse phelang ke likokoana-hloko hore e be joala, li-acid tsa lintho tse phelang le likhase. Lihlahisoa tsena tsa ho qetela li fana ka melemo e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le ho boloka boleng, litatso tse ikhethang le liprofaele tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa phepo. Mefuta ea mantlha ea likokoana-hloko tse amehang ho belisoa ha lijo e kenyelletsa:
1. Libaktheria: Libaktheria tse ngata tsa lactic acid (LAB), tse kang Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, le Pediococcus.
2. Tomoso: Tse kang Saccharomyces cerevisiae, tse sebediswang tlhahisong ya bohobe, biri le veine.
3. Hlobo: Ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e kang Penicillium le Aspergillus, tse atisang ho sebelisoa ho belisa chisi le lihlahisoa tsa soya.
Karolo ea Likokoana-hloko Lijong tse Ikhethang tse Belisitsoeng
Lihlahisoa tsa Mafura
Baktheria ea lactic acid (LAB) ke linaleli tsa ho belisa lebese. Lihlahisoa tse kang yogurt le chisi tse itseng, LAB e kang Lactobacillus bulgaricus le Streptococcus thermophilus e fetola lactose (tsoekere ea lebese) hore e be lactic acid. Ts'ebetso ena ea acidification e etsa hore liprotheine tsa lebese li hoama, e leng se etsang sebopeho le tatso ea lijo tsena. Ho feta moo, tlhahiso ea lactic acid e baka tikoloho e thibelang ho senya libaktheria le likokoana-hloko, ka hona e ntlafatsa polokeho ea lijo.
Bohobe le Lintho Tse Bakiloeng
Ho belisoa ha hlama ke tomoso, haholo-holo Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ke mohato oa bohlokoa ho etseng bohobe. Tomoso e fetola tsoekere e teng hlameng, e hlahisang carbon dioxide le ethanol. Khase ea carbon dioxide e tšoasoa marang-rang a gluten a hlama, e leng se etsang hore e phahame 'me e fe bohobe sebopeho sa eona se nang le moea. Hangata ethanol e fetoha mouoane nakong ea ho baka, e siea tatso e rarahaneng.
Lino tse tahang
Tomoso e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea biri le veine ka ho belisa tsoekere e teng lijo-thollong le lero la litholoana, ka ho latellana. Ha ho etsoa biri, tomoso e belisa maltose ho tsoa hareseng e malted ho ea ho ethanol le carbon dioxide, e leng se hlahisang joala bo ikhethang le khabone ea biri. Ha ho etsoa veine, tomoso e belisa tsoekere ea morara o sithabetseng, e leng se fellang ka tlhahiso ea ethanol le mefuta e meng ea metabolites e tlatsetsang tatsong e ikhethang ea veine le monko oa eona.
Meroho e Belisitsoeng
Libaktheria tsa lactic acid le tsona li bohlokoa ho beliseng meroho. Mohlala, ho sauerkraut le kimchi, LAB e teng ka tlhaho merohong kapa e eketsoang ka boomo e fetola tsoekere hore e be lactic acid, e theola pH mme e theha tikoloho e nang le asiti e ntlafatsang tatso le sebopeho ha e ntse e boloka sehlahisoa. Meroho e belisitsoeng e na le li-probiotic tse ngata, tse ka fanang ka melemo ea bophelo bo botle joalo ka ho ntlafatsa tšilo ea lijo le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung.
Lihlahisoa tsa Soy
Likokoana-hloko li bohlokoa haholo ha ho lokisoa lijo tse fapaneng tse thehiloeng soy tse kang miso, tempeh, le soy sauce. Tabeng ea miso le soy sauce, Aspergillus oryzae (mofuta oa hlobo) e sebelisetsoa ho belisa soya le lijo-thollo, ho qhaqha liprotheine tse rarahaneng le lik'habohaedreite hore e be metsoako e bonolo e fang lihlahisoa tsena tatso ea tsona e ikhethang ea umami. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Tempeh e belisoa ke hlobo ea Rhizopus, e kopanyang soya hore e be kuku e tiileng e nang le protheine e ngata le limatlafatsi tse fumanehang linthong tse phelang.
Melemo ea Bophelo bo Botle ea Lijo Tse Belisitsoeng
Karolo ea likokoana-hloko ho beliseng lijo e fetela ka nģ'ane ho paballo le ntlafatso ea tatso—li boetse li hlahisa melemo e meholo ea bophelo bo botle. Lijo tse belisitsoeng hangata li ruile ka li-probiotic, libaktheria tse molemo tse lulang ka maleng a rona 'me li kenya letsoho ho microbiome e phetseng hantle. Li-probiotic tsena li ka thusa tšilo ea lijo, tsa ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, 'me li ka thusa le taolong ea maemo a kang irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) le allergy e itseng.
Ho feta moo, mokhoa oa ho belisa o ka ntlafatsa boemo ba phepo ea lijo. Mohlala, ho belisa ho ka eketsa ho fumaneha ha livithamine, tse kang vithamine B le vithamine K, le ho qhaqha lintho tse khahlanong le phepo tse kang phytates, tse ka thibelang ho monngoa ha liminerale tsa bohlokoa.
Mathata le Litsela tsa Kamoso
Leha melemo ea ho belisa lijo e le mengata, ho na le liphephetso tse lokelang ho rarolloa. Ho netefatsa boleng bo tsitsitseng le polokeho lijong tse besitsoeng ho hloka taolo e tiileng ea likokoana-hloko le tlhokomelo, kaha maemo a tšoanang a ratang likokoana-hloko tse molemo a ka boela a susumetsa kholo ea tse kotsi haeba li sa laoloe hantle.
Tsoelo-pele baelojing ea limolek'hule le genomics li fana ka litsela tse tšepisang tsa ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa ho belisa. Ka ho utloisisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse itseng le litsela tsa metabolism tse amehang, bo-rasaense ba ka khetha kapa ba ba boenjiniere ba likokoana-hloko tse nang le litšobotsi tse lakatsehang, ka hona ba ntlafatsa bokhoni, liprofaele tsa tatso le melemo ea bophelo bo botle ea lijo tse besitsoeng.
fihlela qeto e
Likokoana-hloko ke bahale ba sa boleloeng ba ho belisa lijo, mesebetsi ea tsona ea metabolism ke eona e susumetsang lijo le lino tse ngata tse ratoang. Ho tloha tatso e monate ea yogurt ho ea ho lipompong tse chesang biring, lintho tsena tse nyenyane li bopa liphihlelo tsa rona tsa ho pheha ka litsela tse tebileng. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele ho hlahloba le ho sebelisa matla a likokoana-hloko tsena, re notlolla menyetla e mecha ea boqapi tlhahisong ea lijo, phepo e nepahetseng le bophelo bo botle. Ho belisa ha se mokhoa feela oa ho boloka lijo; ke bopaki ba kamano e rarahaneng le ea tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa batho le lefats'e la likokoana-hloko.
