Li-Acid le Li-Base tsa Arrhenius: Ho Sibolla Metheo ea Khemistri
K'hemistri, mehopolo ea li-acid le metheo ke metheo ea bohlokoa e re thusang ho utloisisa liketso tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale, libakeng tsa laboratori le bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. E 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tsa pele le tsa motheo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho arola li-acid le metheo e ile ea hlahisoa ke Svante Arrhenius qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Khopolo-taba ena, e tsejoang e le Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius ea Li-acid le Metheo, e fana ka pono ea motheo ea litšobotsi tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa li-acid le metheo ho latela boitšoaro ba tsona ba ionic. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba likhopolo-taba tsa motheo tsa khopolo-taba ena, litlamorao tsa eona, le bohlokoa ba eona le ts'ebeliso lefatšeng la sejoale-joale.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius
Svante Arrhenius, setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Sweden, o hapile Khau ea Nobel ho Khemistri ka 1903 ka lebaka la mosebetsi oa hae ho khemistri ea electrolytic. Monehelo oa hae o moholo khopolo-taba ea li-acid le li-base e ne e le ho khetholla le ho arola metsoako ho latela bokhoni ba eona ba ho arohana ka har'a tharollo ea metsi.
Ho ea ka Khopolo-taba ea Motheo oa Arrhenius Acid:
1. Asiti ea Arrhenius: Asiti ke motsoako oo, ha o qhibiliha ka metsing, o hlahisang li-ion tsa hydrogen (H+). Mehlala e tloaelehileng ea li-acid tsa Arrhenius e kenyelletsa asiti ea hydrochloric (HCl), e arohanang ka metsing ho ba li-ion tsa H+ le chloride (Cl-).
HCl → H+ + Cl-
2. Motheo wa Arrhenius: Motheo ke motsoako oo, ha o qhibilihisoa ka metsing, o hlahisang di-ion tsa hydroxide (OH-). Mehlala e tlwaelehileng ya metheo ya Arrhenius e kenyelletsa sodium hydroxide (NaOH), e arohanang ka metsing ho ba Na+ le OH-.
NaOH → Na+ + OH-
Khopolo-taba ena e fana ka motheo o bonolo empa o le matla oa ho khetholla le ho utloisisa litšobotsi tsa li-acid le li-base tse thehiloeng lihlahisoa tsa tsona tsa ho arohana ka metsing.
Karabelo ea ho se nke lehlakore
E 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa bohlokoa tse hlahang Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base ke karabelo ea neutralization, eo ho eona asiti le motheo li arabelang ho etsa metsi le letsoai. Ka kakaretso, karabelo ea neutralization e ka hlalosoa ka tsela ena:
H+ (ho tloha ho asiti) + OH- (ho tloha botlaaseng) → H2O (metsi)
Mohlala, karabelo pakeng tsa hydrochloric acid (HCl) le sodium hydroxide (NaOH) e hlahisa metsi le sodium chloride (NaCl):
HCl + NaOH → H2O + NaCl
Likarabelo tsa ho se nke lehlakore ke motheo oa lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa indasteri, hammoho le likarabelo tse fapaneng tsa baeloji le tsa 'mele linthong tse phelang.
Meeli ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius
Leha Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base e fana ka temohisiso ea motheo le e molemo haholo, e na le mefokolo e 'maloa. Mofokolo o mong o moholo ke hore e sebetsa feela liketsong tse ka har'a litharollo tsa metsi 'me e ke ke ea hlalosa litšobotsi tsa li-acid le li-base tse ka har'a li-solvents tse seng tsa metsi kapa boemong ba khase.
Mohlala, ammonia (NH3) ha e lumellane le tlhaloso ea Arrhenius ea motheo hobane ha e hlahise OH- ka ho toba ka metsing. Leha ho le joalo, rea tseba hore ammonia e ka sebetsa e le motheo hobane e ka amohela li-ion tsa H+ ho etsa li-ion tsa ammonium (NH4+):
NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-
Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius le eona e sitoa ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba metsoako e itseng e nang le amphoteric, e leng metsoako e ka sebetsang e le asiti le motheo, joalo ka metsi (H2O).
Ntlafatso ea Khopolo-taba ea Motheo oa Asiti
Ho hlola mefokolo ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base, bo-rasaense hamorao ba ile ba hlahisa khopolo-taba e akaretsang le e kenyeletsang. Likhopolo-taba tse peli tse kholo tse ileng tsa hlaha e le nts'etsopele ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base ke Khopolo-taba ea Brønsted-Lowry le Khopolo-taba ea Lewis.
1. Khopolo-taba ea Brønsted-Lowry: E hlahisitsoe ke Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted le Thomas Martin Lowry ka 1923, khopolo-taba ena e hlalosa li-acid e le bafani ba proton (H+) 'me metheo e le baamoheli ba proton. Khopolo-taba ena e kenyeletsa haholoanyane hobane ha e felle feela litharollong tsa metsi. Mohlala:
– Asiti: HCl (mofani oa H+)
– Motheo: NH3 (H+ receptor)
Karabelo: HCl + NH3 → NH4+ + Cl-
2. Khopolo-taba ea Lewis: Gilbert N. Lewis o ile a hlahisa khopolo-taba e akaretsang ea motheo oa asiti ka 1923, a hlalosa li-acid e le li-receptor tsa para ea li-electron le li-base e le bafani ba para ea li-electron. Tlhaloso ena e kenyelletsa liketso tse ling tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale tse sa hlalosoang ke Likhopolo-taba tsa Arrhenius kapa Brønsted-Lowry. Mohlala:
– Asiti: BF3 (moamoheli oa para ea elektrone ka lebaka la khaello ea para ea elektrone)
– Motheo: NH3 (mofani oa para ea elektrone hobane e na le para ea elektrone e sa lefelloeng)
Karabelo: BF3 + NH3 → F3B-NH3
Likhopolo-taba tsena li hatisa phetiso ea liprothone le lipara tsa lielektrone, li fana ka pono e batsi haholoanyane mabapi le boitšoaro ba li-acid le li-base.
Tšebeliso ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base
Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea eona, melao-motheo ea motheo ea Khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius Acid-Base e ntse e le ea bohlokoa ebile e le ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse ngata tse sebetsang le tsa indasteri. Mehlala e meng ke ena:
1. Indasteri ea Lik'hemik'hale: Tlhahisong ea lihlahisoa tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang sesepa, manyolo le lik'hemik'hale tse ling tsa indasteri, ho khetholla le ho sebelisa li-acid le metheo ke habohlokoa.
2. Tlhahlobo ea Lik'hemik'hale: Khopolo-taba ena e bohlokoa haholo ho titration ea acid-base, mokhoa oa tlhahlobo ea bongata o sebelisoang ho fumana hore na tharollo ea acid kapa ea motheo e tiile hakae.
3. Baeloji le Bongaka: Ho utloisisa hore na li-acid le metheo li sebelisana joang 'meleng oa motho ke habohlokoa masimong a biochemistry le physiology, joalo ka ho boloka pH e tsitsitseng maling.
4. Tikoloho: Ho beha leihlo pH ea metsi le mobu ho bohlokoa haholo ho boloka botsitso ba tikoloho le bophelo bo botle ba lintho tse phelang.
5. Phekolo ea Metsi: Khopolo-taba ena e sebelisetsoa ho phekola metsi a litšila le metsi a nooang ho netefatsa hore pH e sebakeng se sireletsehileng.
Qetello
Khopolo-taba ea motheo oa asiti ea Arrhenius e kanna ea ba e 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tsa motheo ka ho fetisisa k'hemistri, empa e ntse e le ea bohlokoa 'me e fana ka motheo o tiileng oa ho ithuta haholoanyane ka likarabelo tsa motheo oa asiti. Ho sa tsotellehe mefokolo ea eona, khopolo-taba ea Arrhenius e sebelitse e le lejoe la bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea likhopolo-taba tse ling tsa motheo oa asiti, joalo ka Brønsted-Lowry le Lewis. Ka ho utloisisa melao-motheo ena ea motheo, re ka ananela habonolo ho rarahana le botle ba likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale tse etsahalang ho re potoloha letsatsi le letsatsi.
