Menehelo ea Thuto ea Lintho tsa Khale ho Saense ea Bongaka
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale, thuto ea nalane ea batho le ea pele ho nalane ka ho epolla le ho sekaseka lintho tsa khale, ka tloaelo e 'nile ea amahanngoa le ho sibolla lintlha tse mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea boholo-holo, mekhoa ea setso le liketsahalo tsa nalane. Leha ho le joalo, ha e ananeloe hangata ka lebaka la monehelo oa eona o moholo saenseng ea bongaka. Ho kopana ha thuto ea lintho tsa khale le bongaka ho fana ka temohisiso e ikhethang mabapi le ho iphetola ha mafu, maemo a liphatsa tsa lefutso le mekhoa ea bongaka ea boholo-holo e nang le litlamorao bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea bophelo ea sejoale-joale. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba libaka tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa moo lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale li ntlafalitseng kutloisiso ea rona ea saense ea bongaka.
Paleopathology: Thuto ea Mafu a Boholo-holo
E 'ngoe ea menehelo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa eo thuto ea lintho tsa khale e e entseng ho saense ea bongaka ke ka lefapha la paleopathology, le kenyeletsang ho ithuta mafu a boholo-holo ka ho hlahloba masala a batho le a liphoofolo. Ka ho sekaseka masala a masapo, bafuputsi ba ka lemoha matšoao a kotsi, khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng le mafu a tšoaetsanoang. Sena se fana ka tlhahisoleseling ea bohlokoa mabapi le ho ata le tšusumetso ea mafu ho baahi ba nalane, e leng se re nolofalletsang ho latela tsoelo-pele le ho ata ha mafu a tšoaetsanoang ha nako e ntse e ea.
Mohlala, thuto ea masapo a boholo-holo e hlakisitse nalane ea lefuba—lefu le ’nileng la ama batho ka lilemo tse likete. Tlhahlobo ea DNA ea mesaletsa ea boholo-holo e tiisitse boteng ba lefuba ho li-mummies tsa Egepeta, e leng se bontšang hore lefu lena le ne le atile mehleng ea boholo-holo. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa baktheria tse nkiloeng mesaletseng ea boholo-holo e thusitse bo-rasaense ho utloisisa hore na kokoana-hloko e ile ea iphetola joang le ho ikamahanya le maemo joang, e fana ka tlhahisoleseling ea bohlokoa e ka thusang maano a hona joale a kalafo.
DNA ea Boholo-holo le Mathata a Liphatsa tsa Lefutso
Tsoelo-pele thutong ea baeloji ea limolek'hule e lumelletse ho ntšoa le ho hlahlojoa ha DNA ea boholo-holo (aDNA) ho tsoa linthong tse fumanoeng ke baepolli ba lintho tsa khale. Sena se butse litsela tse ncha tsa ho utloisisa motheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mafu le mathata a baahi ba boholo-holo. Ka ho bapisa aDNA ho batho ba boholo-holo le ba kajeno, bafuputsi ba ka khetholla liphetoho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ka 'nang tsa fana ka monyetla kapa ho hanyetsa mafu a itseng.
Mohlala, thuto ea aDNA e fane ka leseli motheong oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa ho se mamelle lactose. Boteng kapa ho se be teng ha matšoao a itseng a liphatsa tsa lefutso ho baahi ba boholo-holo ho senola hore na mamello ea lactose e bile teng neng le hokae, e fana ka temohisiso mabapi le phepo e nepahetseng le lijo tse bohlokoa esita le kajeno.
Tšebeliso e 'ngoe e hlokomelehang ke ho utloisisa maemo a liphatsa tsa lefutso a kang khaello ea mali. Tlhahlobo ea mesaletsa ea boholo-holo e bontšang matšoao a cribra orbitalia—boemo boo hangata bo amanang le khaello ea mali—e fane ka lintlha tse mabapi le mabaka a liphatsa tsa lefutso le a tikoloho a tlatsetsang bothateng bona. Sena, le sona, se thusa bafuputsi ba bongaka ho utloisisa ho phehella ha litšobotsi tsena tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho baahi ba mehleng ena.
Temoho ea Mekhoa ea Bongaka ea Boholo-holo
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale e boetse e fane ka tlhahisoleseling e ngata mabapi le mekhoa ea bongaka ea boholo-holo ka ho sibolla lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, lingoliloeng le mesaletsa ea 'mele. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka leseli la nts'etsopele ea nalane ea tsebo le mekhoa ea bongaka, tseo tse ling tsa tsona li tsoetseng pele ka mokhoa o makatsang 'me li susumelitse mekhoa ea bongaka ea sejoale-joale.
E 'ngoe ea lintho tse ikhethang ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng ntlheng ena ke Ebers Papyrus, sengoloa sa bongaka sa boholo-holo sa Egepeta se qalileng hoo e ka bang ka 1550 BCE. Tokomane ena e na le tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le limela tsa meriana, mekhoa ea ho buoa, le kalafo ea maloetse a fapaneng, e fanang ka monyetla oa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea pele ea bongaka. Tšebeliso ea mahe a linotši bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea maqeba, e hlalositsoeng ho Ebers Papyrus, ke mokhoa o netefalitsoeng ke saense ea sejoale-joale ka lebaka la thepa ea eona ea ho loantša libaktheria.
Ka ho tšoanang, ho epolloa ha libaka tsa boholo-holo tsa ho buoa libakeng tse kang Roma le Greece ho sibolotse lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng tsa ho buoa le bopaki ba mekhoa e rarahaneng, joalo ka ho trepanation—ketso ea ho buoa moo lesoba le phunngoang lehateng. Sekhahla se phahameng sa ho pholoha se amanang le tse ling tsa mekhoa ena se bontša kutloisiso e tsoetseng pele ka mokhoa o makatsang ea mekhoa ea ho buoa le tlhokomelo ea bakuli.
Karolo ea Lijo le Phepo e Nepahetseng
Lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale li bonesitse tšusumetso ea lijo le phepo e nepahetseng bophelong ba baahi ba boholo-holo. Ka ho sekaseka li-isotope masala a batho, bo-rasaense ba ka haha bocha lijo tsa boholo-holo le ho hlahloba boleng ba tsona ba phepo. Sena se fane ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le kamoo liphetoho lijong li susumetsang bophelo bo botle le mekhoa ea mafu ha nako e ntse e ea.
Mohlala, lithuto tsa k'hemistri ea masapo li senotse mekhoa ea lijo ea baahi ba fapaneng ba boholo-holo, joalo ka phetoho ho tloha ho tsoma-ho bokella ho ea ho mekhatlo ea temo. Phetoho ena hangata e fella ka khaello ea phepo e nepahetseng le keketseho ea mafu a itseng, e fanang ka lithuto tsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le phepo e nepahetseng tse ntseng li le bohlokoa le kajeno.
Tlhahlobo ea li-coprolite—mantle a mesaletsa ea lintho tse phelang—e re fa kutloisiso e tobileng ea lijo tsa boholo-holo le likokoana-hloko tse neng li hlasela batho ba boholo-holo, e re tsebisa ka bophelo bo botle ba batho ba nakong e fetileng le tikoloho ea mafu. Liphuputso tsena li na le litlamorao tsa ho utloisisa ho iphetola ha mafu a amanang le lijo, joalo ka botenya le lefu la tsoekere, mehleng ea kajeno.
Mafu a Zoonotic le Tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa Batho le Liphoofolo
Lipatlisiso tsa lintho tsa khale li boetse li fane ka temohisiso e tebileng ka mafu a liphoofolo—mafu a fetisetsoang ho tloha liphoofolong ho ea ho batho. Thuto ea mesaletsa ea batho ba boholo-holo le liphoofolo e latetse nalane ea mafu ana, e senola kamoo likamano tsa batho le liphoofolo li bopileng ho hlaha le ho ata ha likokoana-hloko tsa liphoofolo.
Mohlala, tšimoloho ea seoa sena e saletsoe morao ho mesaletsa ea batho ba boholo-holo, e leng se thusang bo-rasaense ho utloisisa hore na baktheria ea Yersinia pestis e ile ea iphetola joang 'me ea lebisa ho seoa se senyang historing eohle. Sena se na le litlamorao bakeng sa ho beha leihlo le ho laola mafu a sejoale-joale a liphoofolo, joalo ka COVID-19, ao hape a nang le mehlala ea nalane.
Menehelo ho Bongaka ba Forensic
Qetellong, thuto ea lintho tsa khale e kentse letsoho bongaka ba forensic ka ho fana ka mekhoa le meralo ea ho sekaseka masalla a batho maemong a molao. Mekhoa e ntlafalitsoeng thutong ea lintho tsa khale, joalo ka osteology—thuto ea masapo—le taphonomy—thuto ea hore na lintho tse phelang li bola joang—e sebelisoa haholo lipatlisisong tsa forensic ho fumana lilemo, bong le sesosa sa lefu la masalla a sa tsejoeng.
Ho fapanyetsana hona ho bile le thuso ho rarolleng linyeoe tsa sejoale-joale tsa botlokotsebe le ho hlwaya bahlaseluoa ba likoluoa tse ngata. Mekhoa e hlokolosi e sebelisoang ke litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale ho epolleng le ho sekaseka e ntse e netefatsa hore bopaki ba bohlokoa boa bolokoa, e leng se thusang litsebi tsa forensic lipatlisisong tsa tsona.
fihlela qeto e
Menehelo ea thuto ea lintho tsa khale saenseng ea bongaka e meholo ebile e na le mahlakore a mangata. Ho tloha kutloisisong ea ho iphetola ha mafu le mafu a liphatsa tsa lefutso ho ea ho sibolleng mekhoa ea bongaka ea khale le mekhoa ea lijo, thuto ea lintho tsa khale e fana ka pono e ikhethang le ea bohlokoa bophelong ba batho. Ka ho ithuta mesaletsa ea khale le lintho tsa khale, re fumana temohisiso e seng feela e ntlafatsang tsebo ea rona ea nako e fetileng empa hape e nang le litlamorao tse tobileng bakeng sa lipatlisiso le mekhoa ea bongaka ea sejoale-joale. Tšebelisano-'moho ea litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale pakeng tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale le bo-rasaense ba bongaka e ntse e tsoela pele ho ba moeli o tšepisang oa ho sibolla litsela tse ncha tsa ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba batho le boiketlo ba bona.
