Thuto ea lintho tsa khale le saense ea lijo tsa boholo-holo
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale le thuto ea lijo tsa boholo-holo ke lithuto tse hokahaneng tse fanang ka mokhoa o ruileng oa nalane ea batho, lijo le phetoho ea setso. Saense ea lijo tsa boholo-holo, eo hangata e bitsoang "archaeobotany" kapa "palaeoethnobotany," e hlahloba masala a limela, liphoofolo le lintho tse ling tsa tlhaho ho utloisisa seo baholo-holo ba rona ba neng ba se ja, kamoo ba neng ba lokisa lijo tsa bona kateng, le karolo e pharaletseng ea lijo lichabeng tsa boholo-holo. Tšimo ena ea lithuto tse ngata e sebelisa botany, zoology, k'hemistri, esita le liphatsa tsa lefutso ho senola mekhoa ea lijo ho tloha mehleng e fetileng, e fana ka temohisiso maphelong a letsatsi le letsatsi le meaho ea sechaba ea lichaba tsa boholo-holo.
Ho Sibolla Masalla a Jeoang
Leeto la ho kena lijong tsa boholo-holo le qala ka ho epolloa ka hloko le ho sekaseka mesaletsa ea lijo. Hangata baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba fumana peo, masapo le likhetla tse chesitsoeng litofong tsa boholo-holo le mekoting ea lithōle, ba fana ka leseli ka mekhoa ea lijo ea lichaba tsa khale. Lithollo tsa peō ea limela, limela tsa limela (likaroloana tse nyenyane tsa silica tse tsoang limela), le masala a starch li fana ka lintlha tse ling. Masala ana a ka fumanoa lisebelisoa tsa boholo-holo, lipitsa tsa letsopa, esita le ka har'a calculus ea meno ea batho (letlapa la meno le thatafalitsoeng), e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e pheta pale ea eona ka seo batho ba se jang.
Mohlala, ho sibolloa ha majoe a silang le lithollo tse chesitsoeng libakeng tse fapaneng lefatšeng ka bophara ho lebisitse temohong e ncha mabapi le tšimoloho ea temo. Lefuteng le Nonneng la Bochabela bo Hare, bopaki ba temo ea koro le harese bo qalile lilemong tse ka bang 10,000 tse fetileng. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, temo ea raese le millet e hlahile Chaena hoo e ka bang nakong e tšoanang. Lintho tsena tse sibolotsoeng li totobatsa phetoho ea bohlokoa ho tloha ho furung ho ea ho temong, phetoho e ileng ea beha motheo oa tsoelo-pele ea sejoale-joale.
Ho tloha ho Tsoma ho ea ho Temo
Phetoho ho tloha mokhoeng oa bophelo oa ho tsoma le ho bokella ho ea metseng ea temo e tsitsitseng e tšoaea e 'ngoe ea liketsahalo tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa batho. Ho utloisisa lijo tsa boholo-holo ho thusa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho latela phetoho ena ea bohlokoa. Batho ba pele ba ne ba rata lintho tsohle, ba sebelisa mefuta e mengata ea mehloli ea limela le liphoofolo e fumanehang tikolohong ea bona. Tlhahlobo ea li-isotope masapong a batho ba boholo-holo e senola lijo tse fapaneng tsa baholo-holo ba rona, tse akaretsang ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloha limela le litholoana ho ea nama le litlhapi.
Temo e ile ea susumetsa liphetoho tse tebileng tsa kahisano, moruo le theknoloji. Phepelo e tsitsitseng ea lijo e ile ea lumella kholo ea baahi, nts'etsopele ea metse le litoropo, le ho phahama ha lichaba tse rarahaneng. Ho rua limela, haholo-holo lijalo tsa mantlha tse kang koro, raese le poone, ho ile ha fetola tlhahiso ea lijo. Ho rua liphoofolo ho ile ha latela se tšoanang, 'me linku, lipōli, likhomo le likolobe tsa fetoha karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo ba batho.
Lijo e ne e se feela taba ea botsitso; li ne li le bohlokoa ba setso le ba tšoantšetso. Meetlo e potolohileng ho lokisa le ho ja lijo e ne e le ea bohlokoa lichabeng tse ngata tsa boholo-holo. Mekete le lijo tsa sechaba li ne li khothalletsa maqhama a sechaba, ha linyehelo tsa lijo li ne li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa mekhoeng ea bolumeli le ea lepato.
Mekhoa le Lisebelisoa tsa ho Pheha
Ho hlahloba mesaletsa ea lijo tsa boholo-holo ho boetse ho fana ka leseli mabapi le mekhoa ea ho pheha le lisebelisoa. Lipitsa tsa ho pheha tse chesitsoeng, majoe a ho sila le lijana tsa polokelo li senola mekhoa e sebelisoang ho lokisa le ho boloka lijo. Masalla a fumanoang linthong tsena tsa khale a fana ka matšoao a lik'hemik'hale a bontšang metsoako e itseng le mekhoa ea ho pheha.
Mohlala o mong o thahasellisang ke ho sibolloa ha masalla a etsang chisi a lilemo li 6,000 ka har'a lipitsa tsa lintho tsa khale tse tsoang Poland. Masalla ana a bontša hore batho ba Neolithic ba ne ba sa hame liphoofolo feela empa ba ne ba boetse ba sebetsana le lebese leo hore e be chisi. Ka ho tšoanang, tlhahlobo ea masalla a biri a boholo-holo a tsoang lijaneng tsa Iseraele, a qalileng lilemong tse ka bang 13,000 tse fetileng, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ba bang ba baetsi ba biri ba pele ba tsejoang ba ne ba hlahisa mofuta oa biri oa khale khale pele ho qalo ea temo ea semmuso.
Thuto ea lisebelisoa tsa boholo-holo e bontša ka ho eketsehileng bohlale le ho ikamahanya le maemo ha batho ba pele. Tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa tsa majoe tse se nang masela a manyenyane e senola bopaki ba ho seha nama le thepa ea limela, e leng se bontšang lijo tse fapaneng. Tlhahlobo ea likotoana tsa letsopa ka tlhahlobo ea masala e fumane mesaletsa ea litlhapi, nama le oli ea limela, e re fang leseli la mefuta-futa ea lijo tsa khale.
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lijo tsa boholo-holo
Mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e fetotse thuto ea lijo tsa boholo-holo. Tlhahlobo ea DNA ea mesaletsa ea limela le liphoofolo e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng ea mefuta le esita le phapang ea mefuta-futa. Temoho ena ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e fana ka leseli mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa ho rua liphoofolo le mekhoa e khethiloeng ea ho ikatisa e sebelisoang ke balemi ba boholo-holo.
Mohlala, lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lijo-thollo tsa boholo-holo li senotse kamoo balemi ba pele ba neng ba khetha litšobotsi tse lakatsehang tse kang boholo ba peo e kholo, tatso e ntlafetseng, le ho hanyetsa likokoanyana le mafu ka matla. Ka ho bapisa DNA ea boholo-holo le ea lijalo tsa sejoale-joale, bo-rasaense ba ka latela leloko la mefuta ea limela le ho utloisisa hore na e fetohile joang ho theosa le lilemo tse likete.
Ka ho tšoanang, tlhahlobo ea DNA ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang e thusa ho tsosolosa mekhoa ea ho ikatisa le mekhoa ea ho falla ha balisa ba pele. Ka ho hlahloba mefuta-futa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa likhomo, linku le lipōli tsa boholo-holo, bafuputsi ba fumana temohisiso ea hore na liphoofolo tsena li ne li ruuoa le ho rekisoa joang, e leng se totobatsang kamano ea lichaba tsa boholo-holo.
Litšusumetso tsa Tikoloho le Maemo a Leholimo
Thuto ea lijo tsa boholo-holo e boetse e kopana le lintho tsa khale tsa tikoloho le tsa maemo a leholimo. Ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a leholimo le a tikoloho ho amme haholo ho fumaneha ha lijo le mekhoa ea temo mehleng ea boholo-holo. Litsebi tsa Paleoethnobotanists li sebelisa lintlha tse tsoang masala a lijo tsa boholo-holo ho fumana maemo a leholimo a fetileng le liphello tsa 'ona ho baahi ba batho.
Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea li-isotope tsa oksijene masalleng a limela tsa boholo-holo e ka senola mekhoa ea pula ea nakong e fetileng, e fanang ka lintlha tse mabapi le tlhahiso ea temo ea boholo-holo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, thuto ea mashala a boholo-holo le thepa ea limela e entsoeng mesaletsa ea lintho e ka boela ea haha bocha tikoloho eo batho ba neng ba phela ho eona, e thusa ho utloisisa hore na ba ikamahanya joang le maemo a fetohang.
Komello, likhohola le liketsahalo tse ling tsa tlelaemete li ile tsa ama lichaba tsa boholo-holo ka botebo, hangata li lebisa liphetohong tsa mekhoa ea bolulo, boqapi ba theknoloji, esita le ho putlama ha sechaba. Ka ho utloisisa litšusumetso tsena, bafuputsi ba mehleng ena ba ikemiselitse ho etsa lintho tse tšoanang le lithuto tse ka thusang ho arabela liphetoho tsa hona joale le tsa nakong e tlang mabapi le phetoho ea tlelaemete.
Lefa la Lijo tsa Boholo-holo
Saense ea lijo tsa boholo-holo ha e ruise kutloisiso ea rona ea nalane feela empa hape e tsebisa litaba tsa sejoale-joale tse amanang le temo, phepo e nepahetseng le botsitso. Ka ho sibolla mekhoa ea lijo ea baholo-holo ba rona, bafuputsi ba ka khetholla mefuta ea lijalo tse mamellang le mekhoa ea temo e tsitsitseng e ka ipakang e le ea bohlokoa ho rarolla liphephetso tsa ts'ireletso ea lijo tsa kajeno.
Lithollo tsa boholo-holo tse kang quinoa le amaranth, tseo pele e neng e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lichaba tse kang Ma-Inca le Maaztec, joale li tsejoa ka melemo ea tsona ea phepo e nepahetseng le ho ikamahanya le maemo a fapaneng a ho lema. Ho sibolla bocha le ho hlahisa lijalo tsena tsa boholo-holo hape ho ka kenya letsoho lits'ebetsong tsa temo tse tsitsitseng le tse matla haholoanyane.
Ho feta moo, ho ithuta ka ditsamaiso tsa dijo tsa boholo-holo ho totobatsa dikamano tse tebileng tsa setso tseo batho ba nang le tsona le dijo tsa bona. Ho re hopotsa dikarolo tsa setjhaba le tsa meetlo tsa ho ja, ho kgothaletsa ditjhaba tsa mehleng ena ho nka dijo e se feela jwalo ka mafura empa e le karolo ya bohlokwa ya sebopeho sa rona sa kahisano le setso.
fihlela qeto e
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale le saense ea lijo tsa boholo-holo li senola kamano e rarahaneng pakeng tsa batho le botsitso ba bona ho pholletsa le nalane. Ho tloha masalleng a cheleng a lijo tsa khale ho ea ho meralo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lijalo tsa boholo-holo, tšimo ena ea litsebi tse ngata e fana ka monyetla oa ho bona mekhoa ea ho pheha, boqapi ba temo le ho ikamahanya le tikoloho ea baholo-holo ba rona. Ha re ntse re tsoela pele ho hlahloba le ho utloisisa mekhoa ena ea lijo tsa khale, re fumana temohisiso ea bohlokoa e ka tsebisang hona joale le bokamoso ba rona, e leng se etsang hore re ananele haholoanyane likarolo tsa setso, tsa kahisano le tsa tikoloho tsa lijo.
