Karolo ea Anthropology ho Utloisiseng Litaba tsa Bophelo ba Kelello
Thuto ea batho, e le lekala la saense ea kahisano, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ithuteng liketsahalo tsa setso, tsa kahisano le tsa baeloji tsa batho. Sebaka se seng se fumanang tlhokomelo e ntseng e eketseha ke bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ke tsa bohlokoa boiketlong ba batho 'me li ama likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo, tsa botho le tsa sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, bophelo bo botle ba kelello ha se khopolo e tšoanang; e susumetsoa ke lintlha tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa lintlha tsa kahisano, tsa setso, tsa moruo le tsa lipolotiki. Mona ke moo karolo ea thuto ea batho e bang ea bohlokoa ka ho khetheha. Joaloka thuto e shebaneng le ho utloisisa batho ka mahlakore 'ohle a bona, thuto ea batho e fana ka lisebelisoa le maikutlo a ikhethang bakeng sa ho utloisisa litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Sengoloa sena se tla tšohla karolo ea thuto ea batho ho utloisiseng bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka mekhoa e fapaneng e amehang, mekhoa le likhopolo-taba.
Ho Utloisisa Setso
E 'ngoe ea menehelo ea bohlokoa ea anthropology ho utloisiseng litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ke ka tlhahlobo ea setso. Setso se susumetsa haholo tsela eo batho ba bonang bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka eona, ba utloisisang matšoao le ho batla phekolo. Mohlala, likhopolo tsa "khatello ea maikutlo" kapa "ho tšoenyeha" li kanna tsa se be le lintho tse tšoanang hantle lipuong kapa litsong tse itseng. Litsong tse ling, matšoao a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a ka 'na a hlaha hangata e le matšoao a' mele, joalo ka hlooho e opang kapa bohloko ba 'mele.
Litsebi tsa setso sa batho li ithuta kamoo mekhoa ea setso, litekanyetso le mekhoa e susumetsang kateng tsela eo batho ba utloang le ho arabela maemong a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Mohlala o tiileng ke lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke Arthur Kleinman, setsebi sa batho le setsebi sa mafu a kelello, tse bontšang kamoo khatello ea maikutlo e bonahalang le ho utloisisoa ka tsela e fapaneng Chaena ha e bapisoa le linaha tsa Bophirimela. Chaena, batho ba atisa ho hlalosa khatello ea maikutlo ka mantsoe a kang mokhathala kapa bohloko ba 'mele, bo fapaneng le tlhokomelo e tloaelehileng ea kelello kapa ea maikutlo Bophirimela.
Mokhoa o Felletseng
Thuto ea batho e fana ka mokhoa o akaretsang oa ho utloisisa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, o akaretsang likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba motho—ho tloha ho tsa baeloji le tsa kelello ho ea ho tsa sechaba le tsa setso. Mokhoa ona o lumella kutloisiso e batsi haholoanyane ea lintlha tse susumetsang bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Mohlala, bofalli, bofuma, pefo le ho se tsitse ha lipolotiki li ka ama bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba motho, 'me lintlha tsena kaofela li amana haufi-ufi le maemo a sechaba le a setso.
Mokhoa o akaretsang o boetse o thusa ho utloisisa likamano lipakeng tsa mabaka a fapaneng. Mohlala, sechaba se nang le khethollo ea morabe kapa ea morabe se ka ba le maemo a holimo a khatello ea maikutlo, e leng se tlatsetsang ho ata ha mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho tsa bongaka tse kang Paul Farmer li totobalitse kamoo ho hloka toka ha sechaba le mekhatlo ho ka mpefatsang mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, haholo-holo linaheng tse tsoelang pele.
Mekhoa ea thuto ea morabe, e kenyeletsang ho shebella barupeluoa le lipuisano tse tebileng, e lumella litsebi tsa thuto ea batho ho fumana temohisiso e tebileng mabapi le liphihlelo tsa batho ka bomong le lichaba tse nang le maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Mokhoa ona o lumella bafuputsi ho nts'etsapele kutloisiso e ruileng le e thehiloeng moelelong oa kamoo bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo utloisisoang le ho sebetsanoa le bona maemong a fapaneng a setso.
Mohlala oa tšebeliso ea mokhoa ona ke lipatlisiso tse entsoeng metseng ea mahaeng India, moo bophelo ba kelello bo atisang ho hlokomolohuoa le ho khesoa. Ka ho shebella ka botebo le lipuisano, bafuputsi ba ile ba khona ho utloisisa kamoo litumelo tsa bolumeli le tsa moea li phethang karolo ea bohlokoa kateng tseleng eo batho ba batlang le ho fumana tlhokomelo ea bophelo ba kelello ka eona. Phuputso ena ha ea thusa feela ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa lehae tsa bophelo ba kelello empa hape e thusitse ho rala mekhoa e lumellanang hantle le maemo a setso sa lehae.
Mekhoa ea ho Itšunya-tšunya e Thehiloeng Setsong
Ka ho utloisisa kamoo setso se susumetsang maikutlo le liphihlelo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, thuto ea batho e ka thusa ho rala mekhoa e sebetsang le e tsitsitseng haholoanyane. Mananeo a mangata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a hlōleha ho finyella lipakane tsa 'ona hobane a hlōleha ho nahana ka maemo a setso ao a kenngoang tšebetsong ho 'ona. Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho li ka thusa ho lekola litlhoko le litebello tsa sechaba le ho rala mananeo a lumellanang hamolemo le litekanyetso le mekhoa ea lehae.
Mohlala, mananeo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello bakeng sa bajaki le baphaphathehi a ka 'na a hloka ho etsoa hore a nahane ka mahlomola ao ba a boneng linaheng tsa habo bona le nakong ea leeto la bona la bojaki. Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho li ka sebelisana le litsebi tsa kelello le litsebi tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle ho nts'etsapele mokhoa o pharaletseng haholoanyane o nang le kutloelo-bohloko litlhokong tse itseng tsa lihlopha tsena.
Ho nyatsuoa ha Biocentrism le Bongaka
Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho li boetse li nyatsa khafetsa mekhoa ea biocentric le ea bongaka e hatisang baeloji le fisioloji ea bokuli ba kelello ho feta tekano. Le hoja baeloji e le ea bohlokoa, mekhoa ena ka linako tse ling e hlokomoloha lintlha tsa sechaba le tsa setso tse bohlokoa ka ho lekana ho utloisiseng bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Litsebi tsa thuto ea batho tse kang Nancy Scheper-Hughes li nyatsa seo ho thoeng ke "pathologization" ea phihlelo ea batho, e atisang ho hlokomoloha moelelo oa sechaba le oa setso oa litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.
Mokhoa o leka-lekaneng haholoanyane o nahanang ka lintlha tsa baeloji, tsa kelello, tsa kahisano le tsa setso o tla fana ka kutloisiso e batsi haholoanyane. Sena se tla lumella tlhokomelo e kenyeletsang haholoanyane e etselitsoeng litlhoko tsa motho ka mong le maemo a sechaba.
Patlisiso ea Boleng e le Tšehetso ea Leano
Lipatlisiso tsa batho tse nang le lintlha tsa boleng le tsona ke mohloli oa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho theha maano a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a sebetsang hantle haholoanyane. Lintlha tsena li ka sebelisoa ke baetsi ba melao ho utloisisa litlhoko tse itseng tsa sechaba le ho rala mananeo a etselitsoeng batho ba bang haholoanyane. Mohlala, lipatlisiso tsa boleng mabapi le sekhobo le khethollo khahlanong le batho ba nang le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ka thusa ho theha maano a kenyeletsang le a tšehetsang haholoanyane.
Lipatlisiso tse entsoeng ke litsebi tsa thuto ea batho tsa bongaka linaheng tse tsoelang pele hangata li senola mefuta e fapaneng ea ho hloka toka le ho se lekane phihlellong ea litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Liphuputso tsena li ka sebelisoa ho totobatsa libaka tse hlokang tlhokomelo e kholo ho baetsi ba melao le bafani ba machaba, e le hore mekhoa ea ho kenella e ka ba e sebetsang haholoanyane le e tšoarellang.
Qetello
Karolo ea thuto ea batho ho utloisiseng litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello e bohlokoa. Ka mokhoa oa eona o akaretsang, mekhoa e tebileng ea thuto ea morabe, le kutloisiso ea maemo a sechaba le a setso, thuto ena e ka fana ka temohisiso e rarahaneng le e kenyeletsang haholoanyane mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ka kutloisiso e tebileng ea hore na setso, moruo, lipolotiki le lintlha tse ling tsa sechaba li susumetsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello joang, litsebi tsa thuto ea batho li ka thusa ho rala mekhoa le mananeo a sebetsang hantle le a tsitsitseng. Mehleng ena ea ho rarahana ha lefatše ho ntseng ho rarahana, mokhoa o akaretsang le o nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea setso o ntse o hlokahala haholo ho sebetsana le liphephetso tse ntseng li hola tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Thuto ea batho, ka lisebelisoa tsohle le maikutlo ao e fanang ka 'ona, e boemong bo ikhethang ba ho kenya letsoho haholo kutloisisong le kalafong ea litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.
