Lithuto tsa Bochaba le Boitsebiso ba Sechaba ho Anthropology
Thuto ea batho, e le thuto e ithutang batho ka likarolo tsohle tsa bona, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho utloisiseng likhopolo tsa morabe le boitsebiso ba naha. Bochaba hangata bo hlalosoa e le boitsebiso ba sechaba le setso ba sehlopha se itseng, ha boitsebiso ba naha bo bolela boikutlo ba bochaba le boikutlo ba ho ba karolo ea sechaba. Thuto ea likhopolo tsena tse peli e ke ke ea aroloa hobane li hokahane 'me li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bopeng matla a sechaba a sechaba.
Ho Utloisisa Morabe
Bomorabe ke mohopolo o akaretsang likarolo tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa setso, puo, bolumeli, meetlo le nalane e arolelanoang. Bomorabe bo fana ka tsela eo batho ka bomong le lihlopha ba ka itsebahatsang le ho utloisisa sebaka sa bona ka har'a sebopeho se pharaletseng sa sechaba . Bomorabe ha se feela ka litšobotsi tsa 'mele kapa tsa baeloji empa ho e-na le hoo ke boitsebiso bo thehiloeng ka liphihlelo tsa sechaba le tsa setso.
Moelelong oa thuto ea batho, morabe o utloisisoa e le kaho ea sechaba e seng e sa fetoheng empa e fetohang. Boitsebiso ba morabe bo ka fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea ho latela maemo a teng a sechaba, lipolotiki le moruo. Temoho ea morabe e ka hlahella haholoanyane, haholo-holo maemong a tlholisano ea mehloli kapa ho se lekane ha sechaba.
Morabe le Kaho ea Sechaba
Mokhoa oa ho theha maikutlo o totobatsa hore boitsebiso ba morabe ke litholoana tsa likamano tsa sechaba. Ka mohlala, Pierre Bourdieu o ile a hatisa khopolo ea "habitus," e bolelang libopeho tsa sechaba tse bopang boitšoaro ba batho, maikutlo le liketso. Boitsebiso ba morabe bo ke ke ba aroloa ho "habitus," e kenyeletsang liphihlelo tse fapaneng tsa sechaba le tsa setso.
Frederik Barth, setsebi se tummeng sa thuto ea batho, le eena o ne a e-na le temohisiso ea bohlokoa ka morabe. Mosebetsing oa hae oa bohlokoa oa "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" (1969), Barth o ile a hatisa hore meeli ea morabe e bohlokoa ho feta litaba tsa setso ka bosona. Barth o hlokometse hore boitsebiso ba morabe bo thehoa ka tšebelisano-'moho ea sechaba le lipuisano tsa meeli le lihlopha tse ling.
Ho Utloisisa Boitsebiso ba Naha
Boitsebahatso ba naha bo bolela kutlwisiso e kopaneng ya ho ba karolo ya setjhaba kapa mmuso. Kgopolo ena e kenyeletsa matshwao a kang dipina tsa setjhaba, difolaga le mehopolo e arolelanwang ya nalane. Boitsebahatso ba naha hangata bo kgothalletswa ke dinaha ka thuto le mecha ya phatlalatso ho kgothaletsa kutlwano le bonngoe hara baahi ba tsona.
Ho ya ka pono ya batho, Benedict Anderson, bukeng ya hae ya “Imagined Communities” (1983), o pheha kgang ya hore setjhaba ke setjhaba se “nahannweng”. O hlalosa hore boitsebahatso ba naha bo thehwa ka kaho ya kahisano , moo batho ba sa tsebaneng ba ka ikutlwang ba hokahane hobane ba inahana e le karolo ya setjhaba se le seng se seholo.
Tšebelisano pakeng tsa Morabe le Boitsebiso ba Sechaba
Tšebelisano pakeng tsa morabe le boitsebiso ba naha e ka ba e rarahaneng haholo. Linaheng tse ngata, boitsebiso ba naha bo hahiloe holim'a mefuta-futa ea merabe e teng. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetsong ena, likhohlano li ka hlaha ha boitsebiso ba naha bo nkoa bo busa kapa bo feta boitsebiso ba morabe bo teng. Mohlala, linaheng tse nang le merabe e mengata joalo ka Indonesia, India, kapa United States, litaba tsa kopanyo le bonngoe ba sechaba hangata li hlaha e le liphephetso.
Ka mohlala, Indonesia, mohopolo oa Bhineka Tunggal Ika, o bolelang "o fapaneng empa o ntse o le mong," o sebetsa e le motheo oa boitsebiso ba naha bo lebelletsoeng ho kopanya lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe. Leha ho le joalo, 'nete e bonts'a hore likhohlano tsa merabe li ntse li hlaha khafetsa, e leng se bontšang hore ts'ebetso ea ho theha boitsebiso ba naha ha e bonolo 'me e hloka boiteko bo tsoelang pele ho tsoa ho mahlakore ohle.
Thuto ea Nyeoe: Indonesia
Indonesia e fana ka mohlala o khahlisang oa kamoo morabe le boitsebiso ba naha li sebelisanang le ho fetoha kateng. Naha e hahiloe motheong oa mefuta-futa, ka lihlopha tsa merabe tse fetang 300 tse nang le lipuo, litso le meetlo e fapaneng. Ho tloha boipusong, 'muso oa Indonesia o ntse o loanela ho khothaletsa boitsebiso ba naha ka maano a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa thuto ea naha, mecha ea phatlalatso le nts'etsopele ea moruo.
Leha ho le jwalo, dikgohlano pakeng tsa boitsebahatso ba naha le morabe hangata di a hlaha, haholoholo ha ho na le ho se lekane ha moruo le kahisano pakeng tsa dihlopha tsa merabe. Dikgohlano tse Maluku, Poso, le Papua ke mehlala ya kamoo dikgohlano tsena di ka lebisang pefong. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, kopanyo le kutlwano le tsona di ka etsahala, jwalo ka ha ho bonwa dibakeng tsa metse e meholo jwalo ka Jakarta, moo dihlopha tse fapaneng tsa merabe di dulang mmoho mme di sebelisana letsatsi le letsatsi.
Likhopolo-taba Thutong ea Morabe le Boitsebiso ba Sechaba
Kaho ea sechaba ke e 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tse hlahelletseng thutong ea morabe le boitsebiso ba naha. Khopolo-taba ena e pheha khang ea hore boitsebiso ba morabe le ba naha ke litholoana tsa lits'ebetso tsa sechaba, eseng ntho ea tlhaho kapa e fanoeng. Ho feta moo, khopolo-taba ea tšebelisano-'moho ea tšoantšetso le eona e etsa monehelo oa bohlokoa ka ho hatisa kamoo boitsebiso bo thehoang ka tšebelisano-'moho ea sechaba le matšoao a sebelisoang puisanong ea letsatsi le letsatsi.
Khopolo-taba ea lipolotiki le eona e bapala karolo ea ho utloisisa matla a morabe le boitsebahatso ba naha. Mohlala, khopolo-taba ea primordialism e pheha khang ea hore boitsebahatso ba morabe ke ba tlhaho ebile ke ba tlhaho, ha thuto ea lisebelisoa e pheha khang ea hore boitsebahatso ba morabe bo ka fetoloa ke batho ba maemo a holimo bakeng sa lithahasello tse itseng tsa lipolotiki.
Qetello
Lithutong tsa batho, morabe le boitsebiso ba naha ha se mehopolo e arohaneng empa lia sebelisana le ho susumetsana. Bochaba bo fana ka motheo bakeng sa batho ka bomong le lihlopha ho itsebahatsa, ha boitsebiso ba naha bo leka ho amohela boitsebiso bona bo fapaneng ka har'a moralo o moholo.
Kutloisiso e felletseng ea tšebelisano-'moho lipakeng tsa morabe le boitsebiso ba naha ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho theha kutloano ea sechaba le kopanyo lichabeng tse fapaneng. Thuto ea batho e fana ka lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa ho utloisisa hore na boitsebiso bo thehoa joang, bo kenngoa ka hare joang, le hore na bo na le phihlelo joang, le hore na likhohlano le likhohlano li ka laoloa joang. Thuto ea morabe le boitsebiso ba naha thutong ea batho ha e fane feela ka temohisiso ea khopolo-taba empa hape e fana ka menehelo e sebetsang ho leano la sechaba le kaho ea sechaba.
