Ballaarinta kulaylka - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka
1. Xaashi bir ah oo 20 o C ah waxay leedahay cabbir sida ku cad jaantuska hoose. Haddii isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan ee birta uu yahay 10 -5 o C -1 markaa waa maxay isbeddelka aagga 60 o C.
La yaqaan:
Dhererka birta = 40 cm 
Ballaca birta = 20 cm
Bilowga bedka birta (A o ) = (40)(20) = 800 cm 2
Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan (α) = 10 -5 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta aagga (β) = 2 x isku-darka ballaarinta toosan (2α) = 2 x 10 -5 o C -1
Isbeddelka heerkulka (ΔT) = 60 o C – 20 o C = 40 o C
La Doonayo: Isbeddelka aagga birta ee 60 ° C
Xalka:
Isle'egta ballaarinta aagga:
ΔA = β A o ΔT
ΔA = kororka bedka birta, β = Isugeynta ballaarinta bedka, A o = bedka bilowga ah, ΔT = isbeddelka heerkulka = heerkulka kama dambaysta ah - heerkulka bilowga ah
Kordhinta aagga birta :
ΔA = β A o ΔT
ΔA = (2 x 10 -5 ) (800) (40) = 0.64 cm
2. Saxan bir ah oo heerkulkiisu yahay 20 o C ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka hoose. Haddii heerkulku kor u kaco 100 o C oo isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan ee birtu uu yahay 1.1 x 10 -7 o C -1 , markaa waa maxay aagga ugu dambeeya ee saxanka.
La yaqaan:
Dhererka saxanka = 2 m 
Ballaca saxanka = 2 m
Bedka bilowga ah ee birta (A o ) = (2)(2) = 4 m 2
Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan ee birta (α) = 1.1 x 10 -7 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta aagga ee birta (β) = 2 x isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan ee birta (2α) = 2.2 x 10 -7 o C -1
Isbeddelka heerkulka (ΔT) = 100 o C – 20 o C = 80 o C
La Raadinayo : Aagga birta ah 100 oC
Xalka:
Kordhinta dhererka:
ΔA = β A o ΔT
ΔA = (2.2 x 10 -7 )(4)(80) = 704 x 10 -7 = 0,0000704 m 2
Aagga birta:
Bedka birta = aagga bilowga ah + kororka aagga
Bedka birta = 4 m 2 + 0.0000704 m 2
Bedka birta = 4.0000704 m 2
3. Saxan naxaas ah oo leh isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan ee α = 18.10 -6 o C -1 at 0 o C wuxuu leeyahay cabbir sida ku cad sawirka hoose. Haddii saxanka lagu kululeeyo 80 o C, markaa waa maxay kororka aagga saxanka.
La yaqaan:
Dhererka naxaasta = 40 cm = 0.4 mitir
Ballaca naxaasta = 20 cm = 0.2 mitir
Bedka bilowga ah ee naxaasta (A o ) = (0.4)(0.2) = 0.08 m 2
Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan ee naxaasta (α) = 18 x 10 -6 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta aagga ee naxaasta (β) = 2 x Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan (2α) = 36 x 10 -6 o C -1
Isbeddelka heerkulka (ΔT) = 80 o C – 0 o C = 80 o C
La Doonayo: Kordhinta aagga naxaasta ee 80 oC
Xalka:
Kordhinta aagga naxaasta:
ΔA = β A o ΔT
ΔA = (36 x 10 -6 )(0.08)(80) = 230.4 x 10 -6 = 2.304 x 10 -4 m 2
4. Weel galaas ah oo muggiisu yahay 4 litir oo biyo lagu shubay, ka dibna la kululeeyo ilaa heerkulka uu ka sarreeyo 20 o C. Biyo ayaa daatay. Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan ee galaaska = 9 x 10 -6 o C -1 ; Isugeynta ballaarinta mugga ee biyaha = 2.1 x 10 -4 o C -1 . Go'aami mugga biyaha daatay.
La yaqaan:
Mugga hore ee gaaska iyo biyaha (Vo ) = 4 litir
Kordhinta heerkulka galaaska iyo biyaha (ΔT) = 20 o C
Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan ee galaaska (α) = 9 x 10 -6 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta mugga ee galaaska (γ) = 3α = 3 (9 x 10 -6 o C -1 ) = 27 x 10 -6 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta mugga biyaha (γ) = 2.1 x 10 -4 o C -1
La Doonayo: Mugga biyaha daatay
Xalka:
Isle'egta ballaarinta mugga:
V = Vo o + γ Vo o ΔT
V – Vo o = γ Vo o ΔT
ΔV = γ V o ΔT
V = mugga kama dambaysta ah , V o = mugga bilowga ah , ΔV = isbeddelka mugga , γ = isku-dhafka ballaarinta mugga , ΔT = isbeddelka heerkulka.
Isbeddelka mugga weelka galaaska:
ΔV = γ V o ΔT = (27 x 10 -6 )(4)(20) = 2160 x 10 -6 = 2.160 x 10 -3 = 0.002160 litir
Isbeddelka mugga biyaha:
ΔV = γ V o ΔT = (2.1 x 10 -4 )(4)(20) = 168 x 10 -4 = 0.0168 litir
Isbeddelka mugga biyuhu wuu ka weyn yahay weelka galaaska, sidaas darteed biyo qaar ayaa daata.
Mugga biyaha daatay:
0.0168 litir – 0.002160 litir = 0.01464 litir = 0.015 litir
5. Weel bir ah (isku-darka ballaarinta toosan = 10 -5 o C -1 ) oo leh mug dhan 6 litir oo acetone ah (isku-darka ballaarinta mugga = 1.5 x 10 -3 o C -1 ). Haddii weelka iyo acetone-ku ay kululaadaan laga bilaabo 0 o C ilaa 40 o C, waa maxay mugga acetone-ka daatay?
La yaqaan:
Mugga hore ee weelka iyo acetone (Vo ) = 6 litir
Isbeddelka heerkulka weelka iyo acetone (ΔT) = 40 o C
Isugeynta ballaarinta toosan ee birta (α) = 10 -5 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta mugga ee birta (γ) = 3α = 3 (10 -5 o C -1 ) = 3 x 10 -5 o C -1
Isugeynta ballaarinta mugga ee acetone (γ) = 1.5 x 10 -3 o C -1
La Doonayo: Mugga acetone-ka daatay
Xalka:
Isle'egta ballaarinta mugga:
ΔV = γ V o ΔT
ΔV = isbeddelka mugga , γ = isku-dhafka ballaarinta mugga , Vo = mugga bilowga ah , ΔT = isbeddelka heerkulka.
Isbeddelka mugga weelka birta ah:
ΔV = γ V o ΔT = (3 x 10 -5 )(6)(40) = 720 x 10 -5 = 0.00720 litir
Isbeddelka ku yimaada mugga acetone-ka:
ΔV = γ V o ΔT = (1.5 x 10 -3 )(6)(40) = 360 x 10 -3 = 0.360 litir
Isbeddelka mugga acetone-ka ayaa ka weyn weelka birta ah , sidaas darteed qaar ka mid ah kiniiniyada acetone- ka.
Tirada acetone ee daadatay:
0.360 litir – 0.00720 litir = 0.3528 litir = 0.35 litir
- Waa maxay ballaarinta kulaylka?
- Jawaab: Ballaarinta kulaylka waxay tilmaamaysaa u janjeerta in walaxdu ay beddesho mugga iyada oo ka jawaabaysa isbeddelka heerkulka.
- Sidee buu fiditaanka kulaylku u saameeyaa cufnaanta walaxda?
- Jawaab: Marka walaxdu ay ku faafto kulaylka, muggeedu wuu kordhaa, taasoo keenta hoos u dhac ku yimaada cufnaantiisa, iyadoo la malaynayo in cufnaantiisu ay joogto tahay.
- Maxay u jiraan farqiyo u dhexeeya qaybaha buundooyinka iyo waddooyinka tareenka?
- Jawaab: Balaadhankan, oo badanaa loo yaqaan kala-goysyada ballaarinta, waxaa loogu talagalay inay la qabsadaan ballaarinta iyo isku-soo-ururinta walxaha sababtoo ah isbeddellada heerkulka, taasoo ka hortagaysa isbeddelka ama dhaawaca suurtagalka ah.
- Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya ballaarinta toosan, mugga, iyo aagga?
- Jawaab: Ballaarinta toosan waxay tilmaamaysaa isbeddelka hal cabbir (sida dhererka usha); Ballaarinta aagga waxay tilmaamaysaa isbeddelka laba cabbir (sida bedka dusha sare ee xaashida); Ballaarinta mugga waxay la xiriirtaa isbeddelka dhammaan saddexda cabbir (sida mugga dareeraha).
- Sidee loo go'aamiyaa isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan?
- Jawaab: Waxaa lagu qeexaa isbeddelka jajabka ah ee dhererka darajo kasta oo heerkulka ah cadaadis joogto ah. Walaxda, isbeddelka dhererka (∆L) oo ka dhasha isbeddelka heerkulka (∆T) waxaa bixiya , halkaas oo waa dhererka bilowga ah iyo waa isku-dhafka ballaarinta toosan.
- Maxay xariijinta bimetallic u qaloocdaan marka la kululeeyo ama la qaboojiyo?
- Jawaab: Xariiq bir ah oo laba bir ah ayaa ka kooban laba bir oo kala duwan oo isku xiran. Maadaama bir kastaa uu leeyahay isku-xidhnaan u gaar ah oo ku saabsan fidinta kulaylka, waxay ku fidaan ama ku soo ururaan heerar kala duwan marka heerkulku isbeddelo. Ballaarintan kala duwan waxay sababtaa in xarriiqdu ay qaloocdo.
- Sidee bay dhacdada ballaarinta kulaylka ula xiriirtaa heerarka badda ee sii kordhaya?
- Jawaab: Qayb ka mid ah kor u kaca heerarka badda waxaa loo aanayn karaa fiditaanka kulaylka biyaha badda. Marka heerkulka dhulku kor u kaco, badduhu way kululaadaan, taasoo horseedaysa ballaarinta biyaha iyo kororka heerarka badda.
- Maxaa ka dhaca "ballaarinta aan caadiga ahayn ee biyaha"?
- Jawaab: Si ka duwan inta badan walxaha, biyuhu way fidaan marka ay qaboojiyaan 4°C ilaa 0°C, ka dibna way isku ururaan marka ay barafoobaan. Caqabaddan waxay ka dhigan tahay in biyuhu ay cufnaantooda ugu badan leeyihiin 4°C. Waa sababta barafku (oo ka cufan biyaha dareeraha ah) uu ugu dul sabeeyo biyaha.
- Maxay muhiim u tahay ballaarinta kulaylka injineernimada iyo dhismaha?
- Jawaab: Agabku wuu fidaa ama wuu isku soo ururaa marka heerkulku isbeddelo. Iyada oo aan la xisaabin fidinta kulaylka, qaab-dhismeedyadu waxay la kulmi karaan walaac aan loo baahnayn, isbeddel, ama guuldarro. Injineerada iyo naqshadeeyayaashu waxay ku daraan sifooyinka naqshadeynta si ay si ammaan ah ula tacaalaan isbeddelladan.
- Ballaarinta kulaylka ma la rogi karaa?
- Jawaab: Haa, caadi ahaan marka walax la qaboojiyo, waxay mari doontaa isku-soo-ururin kuleyl, taas oo ka soo horjeedda ballaarinta kulaylka. Heerka iyo dabeecadda isku-soo-ururintan waxay ku xirnaan doontaa walaxda iyo xaaladaha.
