Qalabka indhaha - dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka
1. Shay sare oo h ah ayaa la dhigayaa masaafad ka yar dhererka diiradda f. Go'aami sifooyinka sawirka.
Solution
Sida ku cad sawirka kore, sifooyinka sawirku waa kuwo casri ah, toosan oo ka weyn shay.
2. Haddii shay la dhigo bartamaha u dhaxaysa barta diiradda iyo muraayadda qaloocan, sawirka uu muraayaddu samaysay waa:
1. 2 jeer ka weyn shayga
2. Toosan
3. Masaafada sawirka = dhererka diiradda
4.Virtual
Weedha saxda ah waa…..
Xalka:
Dhererka diiradda (f) = 20 cm iyo masaafada shayga (d o ) = 10 cm, sida sawirka hoose lagu muujiyey:
a) Masaafada sawirka
1/f = 1/d o + 1/d i
1/20 = 1/10 + 1/d i
1/20 – 1/10 = 1/d i
1/20 – 2/20 = 1/d i
-1/20 = 1/d i
d i = -20 cm
Calaamadda laga jaray waxay muujinaysaa in sawirku yahay mid casri ah ama fallaaraha aysan dhex marin barta.
b) Weyneynta sawirka
M = -d i / d o = -(-20)/10 = 20/10 = 2 jeer
Calaamadda lagu daray waxay muujinaysaa in sawirku toosan yahay sawirkuna uu ka weyn yahay 2 jeer shayga.
Sifooyinka sawirka
1. Sawirka 2 jeer ayuu ka weyn yahay shayga
2. Toosan
3. Masaafada sawirka = dhererka diiradda = 20 cm
4.Virtual
3. Masaafada shaygu waa 2 mitir oo ka horreysa muraayadda qaloocan, dhererka sawirkuna waa 1/16 jibaar dhererka shayga. Waa maxay dhererka diiradda muraayadda?
La yaqaan:
Masaafada walxaha (d o ) = 2 mitir
Weyneynta sawirka (M) = 1/16 jeer
La Doonayo: dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda qaloocan
Xalka:
Masaafada sawirka:
Masaafada sawirku waa - 1/8 mitir. Calaamadda laga jaray waxay muujinaysaa in sawirku yahay mid casri ah.
Dhererka diiradda (f):
Calaamadda laga jaray waxay muujinaysaa in dhererka diiradda la saarayo uu yahay mid casri ah.
4. Go'aami sifooyinka sawirka sare ee h, oo ku yaal muraayadda qaloocan ee horteeda.
Solution
Sida ku cad sawirka, sifooyinka sawirku waa kuwo casri ah, toosan oo ka yar shay.
7. Muraayad dhererkeedu yahay 5-m oo loo isticmaalo muraayad weynayn ah. Muraayad ay isticmaasho isha caadiga ah marka isha lagu hayo meel u dhow. Waa maxay weynayn xagal ee muraayadda weynayntu?
La yaqaan:
Dhererka diiradda (f) = 5 cm
Barta u dhow isha caadiga ah (N) = 25 cm
La Doonayo: Weyneynta xagasha
Xalka:
Haddii isha ay diiradda saarto meeshii u dhowayd, masaafada sawirka = meesha u dhow isha caadiga ah. Isle'egta weyneynta xagasha:
M = Weynaynta xagasha, N = meesha u dhow isha caadiga ah, f = dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda weynaynta
Weyneynta xagasha marka isha lagu hayo meel u dhow:
Isha aragtida dhow iyo Isha aragtida fog
8. Qof indhaha aan si fiican loo arki karin wuxuu isticmaalaa +2 muraayadda indhaha ee Diopters . Waa maxay masaafada ugu dhow ee qofku arki karo isagoon lahayn muraayadaha indhaha.
La yaqaan:
Awoodda muraayadda (P) = +2 diopters
La Doonayo: Masaafada ugu dhow
Xalka:
Muraayad isku soo ururaysa mise muraayad kala duwan?
Awoodda muraayadda waa mid togan sababtoo ah muraayadda la isticmaalay waa muraayad togan ama muraayad isku soo ururta.
Waa maxay dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda?
P = 1/f
2 = 1/f
f = 1/2 = 0.5 m = 50 cm
Dhererka diiradda la saarayo waa 50 cm.
Indho arag dhow iyo isha aragti fog?
Indhaha aan la arki karin ee fog sababtoo ah muraayadda la isticmaalay waa muraayad togan.
Waa maxay masaafada ugu dhow ee qofku arki karo isagoon lahayn muraayado indhaha?
Si isha ay u aragto walxaha masaafada 25 cm u jira sida isha caadiga ah, muraayaddu waa inay sameysaa sawir masaafada x cm ee hore ee muraayadda. Sawirku wuxuu hor yaallaa muraayadda si sawirku u noqdo mid toosan oo casri ah. Sawirku waa mid casri ah si masaafada hooska (hadhka) uu u noqdo mid taban.
-1/d i = 1/f – 1/d o
-1/d i = 1/50 – 1/25 = 1/50-2/50 = -1/50
-d i = -50/1 = -50 cm = -0.50 mitir
d i = 50 cm = 0.5 mitir
Masaafada ugu dhow ee qofku arki karo isagoon lahayn muraayadda indhaha waa 50 cm. Masaafada ugu dhow ee isha caadiga ahi arki karto waa 25 cm.
9. Meesha ugu dhow ee qofka leh isha n- earsighted waa 50 cm. Waa maxay awoodda muraayadda uu qofku u isticmaalo si uu u arko walxaha 25 cm?
Solution
Meesha isha caadiga ah u dhow waa 25 cm, meesha qofka isha dhegaha ku arkaysana waa 50 cm. Muraayadda uu qofku isticmaalo waa muraayad isku soo ururaysa.
Si shayga la arkay loo helos Inay 25 cm ka horreyso isha, muraayaddu waa inay sameysaa image masaafo dhan 50 cm oo horta isha iyo muraayadda. Image waa in la hor dhigaa isha si loo arko si image waa mid toosan oo casri ah.
La yaqaan:
Masaafada walxaha (d o ) = 25 cm
Masaafada sawirka (d i ) = -50 cm (taban sababtoo ah qaab-dhismeedka casriga ah)
La Doonayo : Dhererka diiradda (f) iyo awoodda muraayadda (P)
Xalka:
1/f = 1/s + 1/s'
1/f = 1/25 + 1/-50
1/f = 2/50 – 1/50
1/f = 1/50
f = 50/1 = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Calaamadda dheeraadka ah waxay muujinaysaa in muraayaddu ay isku soo ururayso.
P = 1/f = 1/0.5 = +2 Diopters
Awoodda muraayadda waa +2 D.
10. Microscope-ku wuxuu leeyahay muraayad indhaha iyo indhaha ah oo dhererkeedu yahay 0.9 cm iyo 5 cm. Qof ayaa hor dhigaya shay 10 mm ah muraayadda indhaha si loogu eego muraayadda indhaha iyada oo aan la waafajin. Haddii shaygu dhererkiisu yahay 0.5 mm oo masaafada akhriska caadiga ah ee qofkuna yahay 25 cm, markaa dhererka shaygu wuxuu noqon doonaa...
La yaqaan:
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada (f ob ) = 0.9 cm = 9 mm
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (f ok ) = 5 cm = 50 mm
Masaafada walaxda u jirta muraayadda ujeeddada (s ob ) = 10 mm
Dhererka walaxda (h o ) = 0.5 mm
Barta u dhow isha caadiga ah (N) = 25 cm = 250 mm
La Rabay: Dhererka sawirka (h i' )
Xalka:
Masaafada sawirka laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada
1/s ob ' = 1/f ob - 1/s ob = 1/9 - 1/10 = 10/90 - 9/90 = 1/90
s ob ' = 90/1 = 90 mm
Weyneynta guud ee mikroskoobka marka isha la nasto ama marka sawirka aan dhammaadka lahayn, lagu xisaabiyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo isle'eg:
Dhererka sawirka = dhererka shayga x wadarta weynaynta = (0.5 mm)(45) = 22.5 mm.
11. Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeedka leh ee mikroskoobka waa 2.0 cm. Shay waxaa la dhigayaa 2.2 cm. Dhererka mikroskoobka waa 24.5 cm. Indhuhu waa caadi oo way nasan yihiin. Waa maxay weynaynta guud ee mikroskoobka.
La yaqaan:
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada (f ob ) = 2.0 cm
Masaafada walaxda u jirta muraayadda ujeeddada (d ob ) = 2.2 cm
Dhererka mikroskoobka (l) = 24.5 cm
Barta u dhow isha caadiga ah (N) = 25 cm
Ishu way dabacsan tahay.
La Doonayo: Weyneynta guud ee mikroskoobka (M)
Xalka:
Ishu way dabacsan tahay marka sawirku dhammaado.
Weyneynta guud ee mikroskoobka marka isha la nasto:
M = weynaynta guud
l = dhererka mikroskoobka = masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha = dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha + masaafada sawirka u jirta muraayadda ujeeddada leh (d ob ') = f ok + d ob '
Masaafada sawirka laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada (d ob '):
1/f ob = 1/d ob + 1/d ob '
1/d ob '= 1/f ob - 1/d ob = 1/2 - 1 / 2.2 = 2.2 / 4.4 - 2 / 4.4 = 0.2 / 4.4
d ob ' = 22
Masaafada sawirka laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada waa 22 cm.
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (f ok ):
l = f ok + s ob '
f ok = l – d ob ' = 24.5 - 22 = 2.5 cm
Wadarta weyneynta mikroskoobka (M):
12. Meesha u dhow isha caadiga ah waa 25 cm. Waa maxay weynaynta mikroskoobka.
La yaqaan:
Barta u dhow isha caadiga ah (N) = 25 cm
Masaafada walxaha (d ob ) = 1.2 cm
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada leh (f ob ) = 1 cm
Dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (f ok ) = 5 cm
Masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha = 10 cm
La Raadinayo: Weyneynta mikroskoobyada
Xalka:
Haddii sawirka kama dambaysta ah uu dhammaado markaas isha ayaa dabacsan (dejinta ugu yar). Haddii sawirka kama dambaysta ahi uu ku dhow yahay (25 cm), isha ma dabacsana laakiin waxay diiradda saaraysaa meesha ugu dhow (dejinta ugu badan).
Isle'egta weyneynta mikroskoobka marka isha lagu hayo meel u dhow (dejinta ugu badan):
Masaafada sawirka laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada (d ob '):
1/d ob ' = 1/d ob - 1/d ob = 1/1 - 1 / 1.2 = 12/12 - 10/12 = 2/12
d ob ' = 12/2 = 6 cm
Weyneynta Sawirka:
Dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka Microscope-ka
Telescope
Dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka telescope-ka 1
Dhibaatooyinka iyo xalalka telescope-ka 2
- Waa maxay mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee ka dambeeya aaladaha indhaha?
- Jawaab: Mabda'a aasaasiga ah ee ka dambeeya aaladaha indhaha waa maaraynta iftiinka, gaar ahaan iyada oo loo marayo dib-u-jajabinta iyo milicsiga, si loo sameeyo oo loo weyneeyo sawirrada, iyadoo naga caawinaysa inaan si fiican u eegno walxaha ama aan cabbirno sifooyinka qaarkood ee iftiinka.
- Sidee ayay muraayadaha indhaha ee sixitaanka u shaqeeyaan si ay u horumariyaan aragga?
- JawaabMuraayadaha indhaha ee sixitaanka leh waxay leeyihiin muraayado magdhabaya cilladaha isha ee iftiinka diiradda saaraya. Aragga dhow, muraayadaha wareegsan waxay fidiyaan shucaaca iftiinka, halka aragga fog, muraayadaha wareegsan ay isku keenaan shucaaca iftiinka, taasoo u suurtagelinaysa in isha ay si sax ah u diiradda saarto sawirrada retina.
- Maxay muraayadda weynayntu u samaysaa walxaha inay u muuqdaan kuwo weyn?
- JawaabMuraayadda weyneysada waa muraayad qaloocan oo abuurta sawir casri ah, weyneysa, oo toosan oo shayga ah marka shayga la dhigo dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda. Ishu waxay u aragtaa sawirkan la weyneeyay inuu ka weyn yahay shayga laftiisa.
- Sidee bay daloolka kamaradu u saameeyaan tayada sawirka?
- JawaabFuraha: Furaha wuxuu xakameeyaa tirada iftiinka soo galaya kamaradda. Furaha weyn wuxuu u oggolaanayaa iftiin badan, taasoo keeni karta sawirro iftiin hooseeya oo wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, furka weyn wuxuu sidoo kale yareeyaa qoto dheer ee goobta, taasoo la micno ah in qayb yar oo sawirka ka mid ah ay diiradda saari doonto. Taas bedelkeeda, furka yar wuxuu kordhiyaa qoto dheer ee goobta laakiin wuxuu u baahan karaa waqtiyo soo-gaadhis oo dheer ama goobo xasaasiyad sare leh.
- Maxay muraayadaha indhaha badanaa ugu qoran yihiin tiro sida "10×50"?
- Jawaab: Muraayadaha "10×50" ee muraayadaha indhaha, "10x" macnaheedu waa in shaygu uu 10 jeer ka soo muuqan doono meel u dhow isha qaawan. "50" wuxuu tilmaamayaa dhexroorka muraayadda ujeeddada leh ee milimitir. Muraayad ujeeddo weyn leh ayaa soo ururin karta iftiin badan, taasoo ka dhigaysa sawirka mid dhalaalaya, gaar ahaan mid waxtar u leh xaaladaha iftiinka hooseeya.
- Sidee bay teleskoobku u soo ururiyaa iftiin ka badan isha aadanaha, maxayse tani muhiim u tahay daawashada xiddigaha fog?
- Jawaab: Teleskoobyadu waxay leeyihiin muraayado ujeedo leh oo aad uga weyn isha aadanaha, taasoo u oggolaanaysa inay ururiyaan oo ay diiradda saaraan iftiin badan. Awooddan ururinta iftiinka ee kordhay ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah daawashada walxaha cirka ee fog iyo kuwa jilicsan ee aan indhaha qaawan lagu arki karin.
- Waa maxay farqiga u dhexeeya teleskoobka dib-u-soo-celiya iyo teleskoobka milicsanaya?
- Jawaab: Teleskoobka dib u qaboojinaya (ama refractor) wuxuu adeegsadaa muraayadaha si uu u leexiyo oo uu diiradda u saaro iftiinka, halka teleskoobka dib u qaboojinaya (ama refractor) uu isticmaalo muraayadaha. Refractors-ku badanaa waxay la kulmaan isbeddel midab leh, kaas oo sababi kara cidhifyo midab leh oo ku wareegsan walxaha. Refractors-ku waxay ka fogaadaan dhibaatadan laakiin waxay u baahan karaan isku-dubarid iyo hagaajin joogto ah.
- Maxay mikroskoobyadu u isticmaalaan muraayado badan?
- Jawaab: Microscope-yadu waxay adeegsadaan isku-darka muraayadaha indhaha (ujeedada iyo indhaha) si loo gaaro weyneyn iyo xallin sare. Muraayadda ujeedadu waxay weyneysaa muunadda, ka dibna muraayadda indhaha ayaa sii weyneyneysa sawirkaas. Isku-darka ayaa u oggolaanaya in si faahfaahsan loo eego qaab-dhismeedka yaryar.
- Sidee bay fiilada indhaha u gudbisaa macluumaadka masaafooyin dheer?
- JawaabFiilooyinka indhaha waxay adeegsadaan mabda'a milicsiga gudaha oo dhan. Calaamadaha iftiinka (laga helo laysarka) ayaa lagu soo bandhigaa faybarka waxayna ka soo muuqdaan darbiyada gudaha ee faybarka, iyagoo u socdaalaya masaafooyin aad u badan iyadoo ay yar tahay khasaaraha xoogga. Calaamadahan iftiinka waxay qaadi karaan xog aad u badan.
- Waa maxay doorka prism ee spectrometer-ka?
- Jawaab: Qalabka cabbira iftiinka, prism wuxuu iftiinka soo galaya ku kala firdhiyaa midabada qaybaha (spectrum) iyadoo lagu saleynayo hirarka hirarka. Tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa falanqaynta ilaha iftiinka si loo go'aamiyo hal-abuurkooda, xooggooda, iyo sifooyinkooda kale.
