Maqaal ku saabsan kamaradda qalabka indhaha
Qaybo ka mid ah kamarada
Kamarad fudud waxay ka kooban tahay muraayad isku laaban, diaphragm, shutter, iyo filim.
Muraayadaha Convex waxay u shaqeeyaan inay sameeyaan sawirka dhabta ah iyo kan rogan ee filimka. Si ka duwan muraayadda isha ee leh dherer diiradda oo isbeddeli kara, muraayadda kamaradu waxay leedahay dherer diiradda oo aan isbeddeli karin. Muraayadaha kamaradu waa muraayad qallafsan, maaha muraayad qallafsan sababtoo ah sawirka ay soo saarto muraayadda concave had iyo jeer waa mid casri ah. Taa beddelkeeda, sawirka ay soo saarto muraayadda convex waa mid dhab ah marka masaafada shaygu ay ka weyn tahay dhererka diiradda. Sawirka dhabta ah waa sawir jira sababtoo ah sawirkan waxaa lagu duubi karaa filimka. Taas beddelkeeda, sawirka dhabta ah waa sawir been ah si sawirka aan loogu duubi karin filimka. Booska sawirka dhabta ah iyo kan rogan ee ay soo saarto muraayadda convex waxay la mid tahay booska filimka.
Diaphragm ama f-stop. Diaphragm-ku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa inuu xakameeyo xaddiga iftiinka saameeya filimka. Cabbirka dhexroorka furitaanka wuxuu ku xiran yahay cabbirka muraayadda waxaana lagu muujiyaa lambarka f ama f-stop. F-Stop waxaa lagu qeexaa saamiga dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda (f) ilaa dhexroorka furitaanka (D): f-stop = f / D. Haddii muraayaddu leedahay dherer diiradda oo ah 100 mm dhexroorka furitaankana uu yahay 20 mm, markaa muraayaddu waxay leedahay f-stop oo ah 100 mm / 20 mm = 5. Xaaladdan, muraayadda waxaa lagu dejiyaa f / 5. Haddii muraayaddu leedahay dherer diiradda oo ah 100 mm dhexroorka furitaankana uu yahay 25 mm, muraayaddu waxay leedahay f-stop oo ah 100 mm / 25 mm = 4. Xaaladdan, muraayadda waxaa lagu dejiyaa f / 4. Iyada oo ku saleysan xisaabintan, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in dhexroorka sare ee furitaanka uu yar yahay tirada joojinta f iyo iftiinka ku wareegsan filimka. Lambarka ugu yar ee f-stop (dhexroorka furitaanka ugu muhiimsan) waa xawaaraha muraayadda.
Xawaaraha Shaandhada. Dhererka waqtiga shaandhada furan wuxuu saameeyaa xaddiga iftiinka ku dhaca filimka sababtoo ah marka shaandhada la furo, filimku sidoo kale wuu furmaa oo waxaa la mariyaa iftiin. Xawaaraha shaandhada waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "waqtiga iftiinka". Xawaaraha shaandhada wuxuu la xiriiraa waqtiga shaandhada furan. Sidaa darteed, xawaaraha shaandhada waxaa lagu muujiyaa ilbiriqsiyo. Xawaaraha shaandhada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa dhowr ilbiriqsi ilaa ilbiriqsi. Inta uu yar yahay waqtiga shaandhada la furo, xawaaraha shaandhada ayaa si dhakhso leh u soo kabanaya, iftiinka ayaa ku dhici doona filimka. Xawaaraha shaandhada degdega ah ayaa loo baahan yahay marka xaddiga iftiinku yar yahay. Xawaaraha shaandhada degdega ah ayaa sidoo kale loo baahan yahay si loo tirtiro iftiinka sawirka sababtoo ah dhaqdhaqaaqa kamarada.
Filim. Filimku wuxuu u shaqeeyaa inuu duubo sawirka dhabta ah ee ay samaysay muraayadda kamaradda. Dhowr sano ka hor, filimka wali waxaa lagu isticmaalayay kamaradda, laakiin hadda filimka mar dambe looma isticmaalo kamaradda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, sawirka ay samaysay muraayadda kamaradda waxaa lagu duubay si elektaroonik ah. Kamaradaha duuba sawirrada si elektaroonik ah waxaa loo yaqaan kamaradaha dijitaalka ah. Kamaradaha duuba sawirrada iyagoo isticmaalaya filim waxaa loo yaqaan kamaradaha analogga ah.
Diiradda saarista iyo sameynta sawirka
Tayada toogashada, marka lagu daro cabbirka furitaanka diaphragm-ka iyo xawaaraha xidhitaanka, waxaa sidoo kale saameeya diiradda saarista. Kahor intaadan dib u eegin diiradda saarista muraayadda kamaradda, marka hore faham sharraxaadda soo socota. Marka laga hadlayo muraayadaha convex, waxaa la sharraxayaa in haddii masaafada shayga ( s = do) ay aad u fog tahay oo loo arko mid aan dhammaad lahayn, sawirka dhabta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayad convex ah uu la jaanqaadayo barta diiradda ee muraayadda convex. Markaa, marka masaafada shaygu ay tahay mid aan dhammaad lahayn, masaafada sawirka ( s' = di) waxay la mid tahay dhererka diiradda (f). Marka laga hadlayo sameynta sawirka muraayadda convex, waxaa la ogaaday in haddii masaafada shaygu ay yaraato, masaafada sawirku ay sii muuqato cabbirka sawirkuna uu sidoo kale sii weynaanayo.
Diiradda saarista muraayadda kamaradda way ka duwan tahay diiradda muraayadda indhaha. Diiradda saarista muraayadda indhaha waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la beddelayo qalooca muraayadda indhaha (beddelka dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha) ilaa sawirku si toos ah ugu dhaco retina si sawirka ugu saxsan loo soo saaro. Haddii kamaraddu isticmaasho muraayad keliya (ma aha muraayad zoom ah oo leh muraayado badan), dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda lama beddeli karo. Diiradda saarista muraayadda kamaradda waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la beddelayo masaafada sawirka (in) ilaa sawirka ugu saxsan la soo saaro.
Haddii masaafada shayga ( s = do) ay aad u fog tahay ama aan dhammaad lahayn, masaafada sawirka (di) waxay la mid tahay dhererka diiradda (f). Isbarbardhig Sawirka 1.
Haddii masaafada shaygu ka yar tahay mid aan dhammaad lahayn, masaafada sawirka (s' = di) wuxuu ka weyn yahay dhererka diiradda (f). Ka yar 
masaafada shayga (s = samee), masaafada sawirka oo sarreysa (di) iyo cabbirka sawirka oo sarreeya. Iyada oo lagu saleynayo sharraxaaddan, waxaa lagu soo gabagabeynayaa haddii masaafada u dhaxaysa shayga iyo muraayadda ay dhow tahay, masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda iyo filimka waa in la weyneeyaa. Haddii masaafada u dhaxaysa walxaha leh muraayadda ay ka fog tahay, masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda iyo filimka waa la dhimayaa. Isbarbardhig Sawirka 2.
Diiradda saarista muraayadda kamaradda waxay sidoo kale u baahan tahay in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda kamaradda la isticmaalay. Inta ay le'eg tahay dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda kamaradda, ayaa masaafada sawirka sare u kacda ( s' = di). Muraayadaha leh dhererka diiradda sare ayaa sidoo kale soo saara sawirka weyn. Haddii aan rabno inaan helno sawir sax ah halka masaafada shaygu ay fog tahay, isticmaal muraayad leh dherer diiradda weyn. Muraayadaha leh dherer diiradda weyn badanaa waa kuwo siman ama aan qaloocsanayn.
