Maqaal ku saabsan Isle'egta mikroskoobyada
Xagalku wuxuu go'aamiyaa cabbirka sawirka shayga lagu sameeyay isha. Sida ka muuqata sawirka dhinaca, cabbirka shayga oo yar, xagasha oo hoosaysa sidaas darteedna cabbirka sawirka lagu sameeyay isha oo hoosaysa. Cabbirka yar ee sawirka ku yaal isha ayaa ah sababta ay isha u adag tahay in si cad loo arko walxaha yaryar, inkastoo walxaha laga eego meel u dhow, masaafada 25 cm.
Muraayadda weyneysada ama muraayadda weyneysada leh awood xaddidan oo ay ku kordhin karto xagasha sababtoo ah haddii cabbirka shaygu aad u yar yahay, way adag tahay in la arko iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab yar.
Markaa waxaa loo baahan yahay qalab indhaha ah oo leh awood ka wanaagsan inuu kordhiyo xagasha. Qalabka indhaha waa mikroskoobo indhaha ah. Mikroskoobo indhaha ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba muraayadood oo isku dhegan, halkaas oo muraayad kasta oo isku dhegan loogu yeero muraayadda ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha. Muraayadda ujeeddada leh waxay u shaqeysaa inay kordhiso cabbirka sawirka oo ay sawirka u soo dhoweyso muraayadda indhaha si xagasha ay u noqoto mid aad muhiim u ah. Taa beddelkeeda, muraayadda indhaha waxay u shaqeysaa inay kordhiso xagasha si cabbirka sawirka ka sameysan retina uu u weynaado.
1. Wadarta weyneynta mikroskoobka marka qaabilaadda isha ay ugu yar tahay
1.1 Weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada marka ay ugu yar tahay indhuhu
Muraayadda ujeeddadeedu waa muraayad qaloocan. Sidaa darteed, isle'egta weynaynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddadeedu waa isku mid sida isle'egta weynaynta toosan ee muraayadda qaloocan.
Sawirada dhabta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha waxaa loo arkaa walxo ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha. Indhaha waxaa la dejiyaa ugu yaraan marka muruqyada ciliary ee isha ay ku jiraan xaaladda ugu nasashada badan, waana la gaaraa haddii sawirka ugu dambeeya ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha uu yahay mid aan dhammaad lahayn. Si sawirka ugu dambeeya ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha uu noqdo mid aan dhammaad lahayn, sawirka dhabta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha waa inuu ahaadaa barta dhexe ee muraayadda indhaha. Sidaa darteed, masaafada sawirka dhabta ah ee u dhaxaysa muraayadda indhaha (in)ob) = masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha (l) - dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (fok).
m ob = weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada, l = masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada iyo indhaha, f ok = dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha, samee ob = masaafada shayga u jirta muraayadda ujeeddada
Calaamad taban ayaa laga tagayaa sababtoo ah calaamadda taban waxay sheegaysaa oo keliya in sawirka la rogay.
1.2 Weyneynta xagasha ee muraayadda indhaha marka ay ugu yar tahay ku habboonaanta isha
Muraayadaha indhaha waa muraayad isku laaban, sidaa darteed isle'egta weyneynta xagasha ee muraayadda indhaha waa isku mid sida
isle'egta weyneynta xagasha ee muraayadda indhaha ee qaloocan ama muraayadda weyneysada marka isha la nasto.
Isle'egta weyneynta xagasha ee loupe marka isha la nasto (hoyga ugu yar waa la dejin karaa):
M = Ma / f
Dhererka diiradda (f) waxaa loo beddelaa dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (f ok ).
M ok = N / f ok
M = weyneynta xagasha, N = barta u dhow isha caadiga ah, f ok = dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha.
1.3 Wadarta weyneynta xagasha marka la eego ku habboonaanta isha ugu yar
Wadarta weyneynta xagasha (M) waa isku dhufashada weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada (m)ob) oo leh weynaynta xagasha ee muraayadda indhaha (Mok)
Masaafada u dhaxaysa labada muraayadood (l) - dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha (f ok ) = masaafada sawirka ee muraayadda ujeeddada (di ob ). Shayga waxaa la dhigayaa meel aad ugu dhow barta diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada si masaafada shayga ee muraayadda ujeeddada (do ob ) ay ugu dhowdahay inay la mid noqoto dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada.
Sawirka kama dambaysta ah waa mid casri ah, rogrogmi kara oo aad u fog (aan dhammaad lahayn). Masaafada aan dhammaadka lahayn ee sawirka kama dambaysta ah macnaheedu maaha in cabbirka sawirka kama dambaysta ahi uu yahay mid aan dhammaad lahayn.
2. Wadarta weyneynta marka la eego ishu ay ugu badan tahay
2.1 Weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada marka la eego ku habboonaanta isha ugu badan
Muraayadda indhaha waa muraayad qaloocan, sidaa darteed isle'egta weynaynta toosan ee muraayadda indhaha waa isku mid sida isle'egta weynaynta toosan ee muraayadda qaloocan.
Sawirrada dhabta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha waxaa loo arkaa walxo ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha. Indhuhu waxay si buuxda u qaabilaan marka muruqyada ciliary ee isha ay ku jiraan xaaladda ugu daran.
waana la gaarayaa haddii sawirka kama dambaysta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha uu yahay 25 cm oo u jirta muraayadda indhaha, halkaas oo 25 cm ay tahay meesha ugu dhow isha caadiga ah. Marka masaafada sawirka kama dambaysta ah ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha (di ok ) ay la mid tahay meesha ugu dhow isha caadiga ah (N), masaafada sawirka dhabta ah ee ka fog muraayadda indhaha (samee ok ):
Sawirka ugu dambeeya ee ay soo saarto muraayadda indhaha waa mid casri ah, sidaa darteed waxaa la siiyaa calaamad taban.
do OK waa masaafada sawirada dhabta ah (walxaha) laga bilaabo muraayadda indhaha. ob-ka waxaa ku jira masaafada sawirka dhabta ah laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada. di ob + do OK = masaafada u dhaxaysa labada muraayadood (l). Markaa ob = l – samee OK
mob = weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada, l = masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada iyo muraayadda indhaha, dook = masaafada sawirka dhabta ah laga bilaabo muraayadda indhaha, doob = masaafada shayga laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada
Calaamad taban ayaa laga tagayaa sababtoo ah calaamadda taban waxay sheegaysaa oo keliya in sawirka la rogay.
2.2 Weyneynta xagasha marka la eego is-waafajinta isha ugu badan
Muraayadaha indhaha waa muraayad qaloocan, sidaa darteed isle'egta weyneynta xagasha ee muraayadda indhaha waa isku mid sida isla'egta
weyneynta xagasha ee loupe (muraayadda weyneynta) marka isha lagu hayo meesha u dhow (hoyga ugu badan).
Isle'egta weyneynta xagasha ee loupe (muraayadda weyneynta) marka isha lagu hayo meesha u dhow (hoyga ugu badan):
M = weyneynta xagasha, N = barta u dhow isha caadiga ah, f = dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda indhaha.
2.3 Wadarta weyneynta xagasha marka la eego ishu ay ugu badan tahay
Wadarta weyneynta xagasha waa isku dhufashada weyneynta toosan ee muraayadda ujeeddada (m ob ) iyadoo la kordhinayo xagasha muraayadda indhaha (M ok ).
Masaafada u dhaxaysa muraayadda ujeeddada leh iyo muraayadda indhaha (l) - masaafada sawirka dhabta ah laga bilaabo muraayadda indhaha (sam ok ) = masaafada sawirka dhabta ah laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada leh (di ob ). Shayga waxaa la dhigayaa meel aad ugu dhow barta diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada leh si masaafada shayga laga bilaabo muraayadda ujeeddada leh (sam ob ) ay ugu dhowdahay inay la mid noqoto dhererka diiradda ee muraayadda ujeeddada leh. Sidaa darteed, isla'egta kor ku xusan waxaa loo beddeli karaa:
