Tusaale Su'aalaha Doodda Infrared-ka
Pendahuluan
Infrared-ku waa nooc ka mid ah hirarka elektromagnetic-ka oo leh hirar dhererkoodu ka dheer yahay iftiinka la arki karo laakiin ka gaaban hirarka raadiyaha. Hirarka Infrared-ku waxay leeyihiin codsiyo kala duwan, laga bilaabo tignoolajiyada iyo daawada ilaa isgaarsiinta iyo amniga. Maqaalkan, waxaan ka hadli doonnaa dhowr tusaale oo dhibaatooyin ah oo la xiriira infrared-ka iyo sharraxaadahooda si aan u siino faham qoto dheer oo ku saabsan fikraddan.
Aragtida Aasaasiga ah ee Infrared-ka
Infrared-ku wuxuu leeyahay hirar dhererkoodu u dhexeeyo 700 nanometer (nm) ilaa 1 millimitir (mm). Hirarkan hirarka ah waxaa ogaaday William Herschel sanadkii 1800 isagoo sameynayay tijaabooyin lagu cabbirayo heerkulka midabada kala duwan ee iftiinka. Wuxuu ogaaday in gobollada ka baxsan spectrum-ka cas, oo aan la arki karin isha aadanaha, ay dhab ahaantii leeyihiin heerkul sare.
Infrared-ka waxaa loo qaybiyaa qaybo kala duwan iyadoo lagu saleynayo mowjaddiisa:
1. Ku Dhow Infrared (NIR): 700 nm – 1.4 µm
2. Infrared Dhexdhexaad ah (Infrared Dhexdhexaad ah, MIR): 1.4 µm – 3 µm
3. Infrared-ka Fog (FIR): 3 µm – 1 mm
Qalabka sida kamaradaha infrared-ka ama heerkulbeegga, kontaroolada fog, iyo isgaarsiinta fiber-optic-ga waxay u adeegsadaan tignoolajiyada infrared-ka ujeedooyin kala duwan. Iftiinka infrared-ka waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu falanqeeyo isku-dhafka walxaha iyada oo loo marayo spectroscopy-ga infrared-ka.
Su'aalo iyo Doodo Tusaale ah
Su'aal 1aad
Su'aal:
Remote-ka TV-ga wuxuu adeegsadaa infrared si uu calaamadaha ugu gudbiyo TV-ga. Haddii hirarka infrared-ka la isticmaalay uu yahay 950 nm xawaaraha iftiinkuna uu yahay (3 jeer 10^8 \) m/s, waa maxay inta jeer ee hirarka infrared-ka?
Dood:
Soo noqnoqoshada hirarka elektromagnetic-ka waxaa lagu xisaabin karaa qaacidada aasaasiga ah ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya hirarka (\(\lambda\)) iyo soo noqnoqoshada (f):
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
oo leh:
– \( f \) = soo noqnoqoshada (Hz)
– \( c \) = xawaaraha iftiinka (\(3 jeer 10^8 \) m/s)
– \( \lambda \) = hirarka hirarka (m)
Su'aashan, hirarka hirarka (\(\lambda\)) waxaa lagu bixiyay nanometer (nm), sidaa darteed beddelka mitirka (m) waa lagama maarmaan:
\[ 950 \, nm = 950 \jeer 10^{-9} \, m \]
Hadda waxaan qiimahan ku beddeleynaa qaacidada:
\[ f = \frac{3 \jeer 10^8 \, m/s}{950 \jeer 10^{-9} \, m} = 3.16 \jeer 10^{14} Hz \]
Markaa, soo noqnoqoshada hirarka infrared-ka waa Hz (3.16 jeer 10^{14} \).
Su'aal 2aad
Su'aal:
Kamarad infrared ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu ogaado shucaaca kulaylka ee ka imanaya shay. Kamaraddu waxay leedahay qalab lagu ogaado hirarka u dhexeeya 8 micrometers (µm) iyo 14 µm. Shucaaca noocee ah ayaa kamaraddu ogaan kartaa?
Dood:
Si loo xisaabiyo soo noqnoqoshada ugu badan iyo tan ugu yar, waxaan isticmaalnaa qaacido la mid ah su'aashii hore:
\[ f = \frac{c}{\lambda} \]
Marka hore, u beddel hirarka mowjadaha laga bilaabo micrometers (µm) una beddel mitir (m):
\[ 8 \, µm = 8 \ jeer 10^{-6} \, m \]
\[ 14 \, µm = 14 \ jeer 10^{-6} \, m \]
Hadda xisaabi inta jeer ee ugu badan (\( f_{max} \)) iyo inta jeer ee ugu yar (\( f_{min} \)):
\[ f_{max} = \frac{3 \jeer 10^8 \, m/s}{8 \jeer 10^{-6} \, m} = 3.75 \jeer 10^{13} Hz \]
\[ f_{min} = \frac{3 \jeer 10^8 \, m/s}{14 \jeer 10^{-6} \, m} = 2.14 \jeer 10^{13} Hz \]
Markaa, inta jeer ee kamaradda infrared-ka lagu ogaan karo waa \(2.14 \times 10^{13} \) Hz ilaa \(3.75 \times 10^{13} \) Hz.
Su'aal 3aad
Su'aal:
Shay ayaa soo saara shucaaca infrared-ka oo leh xoog ugu badan oo ku socda hirarka 10 µm. Iyada oo ku saleysan sharciga barakaca Wien, go'aami heerkulka shayga. Isticmaal joogtada Wien (\(b\)) ee \(2.898 \times 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\).
Dood:
Sharciga barokaca Wien wuxuu sheegayaa in natiijada hirarka hirarka ee xoogga shucaaca ugu badan uu ka dhaco (\(\lambda_{max}\)) iyo heerkulka buuxa (T) ee shayga uu yahay mid joogto ah:
\[ \lambda_{max} \cdot T = b \]
oo leh:
– \(\lambda_{max}\) = dhererka dhererka ugu badan ee xoogga (m)
– T = heerkulka walaxda (K)
– \(b\) = Joogtada Wien (\(2.898 \jeer 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K\))
Waa la ogyahay in \(\lambda_{max}\) uu yahay 10 µm, kaas oo u baahan in loo beddelo mitir:
\[ 10 \, µm = 10 \ jeer 10^{-6} \, m \]
Hadda qiimahan ku beddel qaacidada:
\[ 10 \jeer 10^{-6} \, m \cdot T = 2.898 \jeer 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K \]
Xalka T waa:
\[ T = \frac{2.898 \jeer 10^{-3} \, m \cdot K}{10 \jeer 10^{-6} \, m} = 289.8 \, K \]
Markaa, heerkulka shayga waa 289.8 K.
Su'aal 4aad
Su'aal:
Waxaad aragtaa muuqaal infrared ah oo isku-dhafan kiimiko dabiici ah waxaadna heleysaa ugu badnaan nuugista 3 µm. Haddii aad isticmaaleysay sawir-qaadista infrared-ka, noocee ah isku-xidhka kiimikada ayaa mas'uul ka noqon kara heerkan ugu sarreeya?
Dood:
Muuqaalka Infrared-ka wuxuu ka faa'iidaystaa xaqiiqda ah in molecules-ka kiimikada ay nuugaan hirarka infrared-ka hirar gaar ah oo u dhigma soo noqnoqoshada gariirka gudaha ee molecules-ka. Mowjadaha infrared-ka ee gaarka ah waxaa lala xiriirin karaa noocyo gaar ah oo isku xidhka kiimikada ah:
– Xidhmooyinka CH ee ku jira iskudhisyada dabiiciga ah waxay caadi ahaan nuugaan hirarka hirarka qiyaastii 3 µm.
– Xidhmooyinka OH ee ku jira asiidhyada carboxylic iyo alkolada ayaa caadi ahaan nuuga qiyaastii 2.7-3.5 µm.
– Xidhmooyinka NH ee ku jira amiinada ayaa caadi ahaan nuuga qiyaastii 3.1-3.3 µm.
Macluumaadka la bixiyay, heerka ugu sarreeya ee nuugista ee 3 µm waxay u badan tahay inay sabab u tahay gariirka CH.
Markaa, malaha waxa mas'uulka ka ah heerka ugu sarreeya ee nuugista 3 µm waa isku xidhka CH ee ku jira isku-dhafka kiimikada dabiiciga ah.
Gabagabo
Maqaalkan, waxaan kaga hadalnay dhowr tusaale oo dhibaatooyin ah iyo doodo la xiriira hirarka infrared-ka. Tusaalooyinkan, waxaan si dheeraad ah u fahmi karnaa fikradaha aasaasiga ah ee soo noqnoqoshada, hirarka, iyo heerkulka marka la eego shucaaca infrared-ka, iyo sidoo kale codsiyadooda ku saabsan spectroscopy-ga. Infrared-ku waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah spectrum-ka elektromagnetic-ka waxayna leedahay codsiyo badan oo dhinacyo kala duwan ah, sidaa darteed barashada waxay bixin kartaa aragtiyo waxtar leh oo ku saabsan dhacdooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo tignoolajiyada.
