Maitiro Ekugadzira Bhiriji Rine Kuverengera Kwemutoro Wakanyanya
Kugadzira mabhiriji ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha pakugadzira mainjiniya ekuvaka. Zvichienderana nebasa rawo rinokosha senzira dzekutakura, mabhiriji anofanira kugadzirwa nekuverenga mutoro wepamusoro-soro. Maitiro aya anoda kunzwisisa kwakakwana misimboti yekutanga yeinjiniya yekuvaka, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakakodzera, uye kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yakasimba uye mitemo yekuchengetedza. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura matanho anodiwa pakugadzira bhiriji nekuverenga mutoro wepamusoro-soro.
1. Nhanganyaya yeMabhiriji neMitoro Yakanyanya
Chaizvoizvo, bhiriji chivakwa chakavakwa kuti chibatanidze nzvimbo mbiri dzakaparadzaniswa nechipingamupinyi chakadai serwizi, mupata, kana mugwagwa mukuru. Mutoro wepamusoro ndiwo mutoro wepamusoro unogona kugarwa nebhiriji pasina kukuvara kwechivako. Mutoro uyu unosanganisira mutoro wakafa (huremu hwebhiriji pacharo), mutoro uri mupenyu (mota, vanofamba netsoka, nezvimwewo), uye mutoro wezvakatipoteredza (mhepo, kudengenyeka kwenyika, nezvimwewo).
2. Ziva Nzvimbo uye Mamiriro Ezvakatipoteredza
Danho rekutanga pakugadzira bhiriji nderekuita ongororo yenzvimbo. Zvinhu zvakakosha zvekufunga nezvazvo zvinosanganisira:
1. Nzvimbo yeMamiriro eNyika: Kuongorora maumbirwo evhu nematombo panzvimbo yekuvaka kuti uone kugadzikana uye kugona kutakura mutoro.
2. Mamiriro Emvura: Ongorora mamiriro emvura, huwandu hwemvura panguva yemafashamo, uye mhedzisiro yekukukurwa kwevhu.
3. Mamiriro Ekunze: Tsvaga zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakaita semhepo ine simba, mvura inonaya, uye kudengenyeka kwenyika kunogona kuitika.
3. Kusarudzwa kweRudzi rweBhiriji
Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhiriji, anosanganisira danda, arch, suspension, uye mabhiriji akavharwa netambo. Sarudzo yerudzi rwebhiriji inoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sehurefu hwespan, rudzi rwevhu, runako, uye mutengo. Rudzi rwebhiriji rega rega rine zvakanakira nezvakaipira maererano nekugadzikana uye kugona kutakura mutoro.
4. Kuongorora Mutoro neSimba
Mutoro Wakafa
Kurema kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe kunosanganisira huremu hwezvinhu zvese zvebhiriji, zvakaita sedheki, mapiers, makoramu, uye tambo. Kuverenga mutoro wechinhu chimwe nechimwe kunoda mafomura einjiniya ekuverenga huremu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe zvichienderana nehukuru hwacho nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa.
Mutoro weHupenyu
Mitoro inorarama imhando yemitoro inochinja nekufamba kwenguva, yakaita semota dzinopfuura nepabhiriji, vanofamba netsoka, nezvimwewo. Mitemo yemuno nemitemo yepasi rose yakaita seAASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials) inopa gwara pakusarudza mitoro inorarama inofanira kufungwa nezvayo.
Mutoro wezvakatipoteredza
Mitoro yezvakatipoteredza yakaita semhepo, kudengenyeka kwenyika, chando, uye mafuta anopisa inofanirawo kufungwa nezvayo. Ongororo iyi inowanzoda kuenzanisa uye kushandiswa kwesoftware chaiyo kuratidza mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.
5. Dhizaini Yechivakwa Chikuru
Kusarudzwa Kwezvinhu
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu kwakakosha pakugadzira mabhiriji. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya isimbi, kongiri, uye zvinhu zvinosanganiswa. Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana maererano nesimba, kuramba ngura, uye mutengo.
Dhizaini yeZvikamu
Zvinhu zvikuru zvebhiriji, zvakaita sedheki, mapiers, tambo, uye zvinotsigira, zvinofanira kugadzirwa nokungwarira kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti chivakwa chacho chakasimba. Mafomula einjiniya akadai semutemo waHooke, kuchengetedza simba, uye dzidziso dzekusimba kwesimba zvinoshandiswa panguva ino.
Kuchengetedzwa Kwechivako
Kuchengetedzeka chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira bhiriji. Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa chinhu chekuchengetedza, chinowanzo tangira pa1,5 kusvika 2,0 kupfuura mutoro wepamusoro. Pamusoro pezvo, masisitimu ekudzoreredza simba anoshandiswa kuona kuti kukundikana kwechinhu chimwe chete hakukonzere kuti bhiriji rese rikundikane.
6. Kutevedzera uye Kuedza
Kushandiswa kwesoftware yekufananidzira kwechimiro senge SAP2000, ANSYS, nedzimwe kunogona kubatsira kufungidzira kugoverwa kwemitoro nekumanikidzwa pabhiriji. Ma prototypes emabhiriji anowanzo gadzirwa uye kuyedzwa uchishandisa marabhoritari kana michina yekuyedza kusimbisa kuverenga nemagadzirirwo.
7. Kutarisirwa kweKuvaka
Munguva yekuvaka, kutarisirwa kunofanirwa kuitwa kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvese zvinodiwa pakugadzira zvinoteverwa nemazvo. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu nguva nenguva kunodiwa kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuti mhando uye kururama zvinoenderana nekugadzira.
8. Kugadzirisa nekutarisa
Kana bhiriji rapera, kugadziriswa kwaro nguva dzose kwakakosha kuti riwedzere hupenyu hwaro. Kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakakosha kunoitwa nguva dzose kuti zvionekwe chero kukuvara kana kusakara. Kushandisa tekinoroji yekuona zvinogonawo kubatsira mukutarisa hutano hwebhiriji panguva chaiyo.
9. Chidzidzo Chenyaya
Chidzidzo Chekutanga: Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco
Bhiriji reGolden Gate muenzaniso unozivikanwa webhiriji rakasungirirwa rakagadzirwa nekuverenga mutoro wakanyanya kunyatsojeka. Nekuda kwekuongorora kwakanyatsojeka kwemhedzisiro yemhepo, mutoro wemotokari, uye mutoro wekudengenyeka kwenyika, bhiriji iri ragara rakasimba kubvira parakavhurwa muna 1937.
Chidzidzo Chechipiri: Millau Viaduct, France
Bhiriji refu kwazvo repylon pasi rose rinoratidza kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano pakuverenga mutoro wepamusoro. Vachishandisa CAD (Computer-Aided Design) uye simulations, mainjiniya vakakwanisa kugadzira chimiro chinotsigira mitoro yakasiyana-siyana zvinobudirira.
Mhedziso
Maitiro ekugadzira bhiriji, kusanganisira kuverenga mutoro wepamusoro, anoda hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye kunzwisisa kwakakwana kwenheyo dzeinjiniya yezvivakwa. Kubva pakuzivikanwa kwenzvimbo uye kusarudzwa kwemhando yebhiriji kusvika pakuongorora mutoro, kuburikidza nekutarisa kuvaka nekugadzirisa, danho rega rega rinofanira kuitwa nemazvo uye nemazvo. Ndipo chete panogona kushanda zvakanaka bhiriji uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti vashandisi varo vese vakachengeteka.
