Nzira Dzekuvaka Dzekukunda Matambudziko Evhu Remvura
Ivhu rine mvura yakawanda ndiro rimwe rematambudziko anowanzoitika mumapurojekiti ekuvaka, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mvura shoma pasi pevhu, madhamu, minda yemupunga yaimbovapo, kana nzvimbo dziri pedyo nenzizi nemahombekombe. Dambudziko iri rinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemvura muvhu, kupindira kwakasiyana-siyana kwemvura, uye kugona kwayo kushoma kunotakura mvura. Kana rikasagadziriswa nenzira dzakakodzera, ivhu rine mvura yakawanda rinogona kukonzera kudonha kwevhu, kudonha kwevhu kubva muvhu, kudonha kwemvura, kukuvara kwechivako, uye kunonoka kwepurojekiti uye kudhura kwakawanda. Nokudaro, kusarudzwa kwenzira dzekuvaka dzekugadzirisa matambudziko evhu rine mvura kunofanirwa kunge kwakavakirwa pakuferefeta kwenzvimbo, mamiriro emvura, uye zvinodiwa pakugadzira chimiro.
Hunhu uye Njodzi dzeNyika Yakazara Mvura
Muchokwadi, ivhu rakazadzwa nemvura rinowanzobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemvura yepasi uye/kana ivhu rakacheneruka senge ivhu nevhu zvinochengeta mvura mumaburi azvo. Muivhu rine jecha, mvura inogona kuyerera zviri nyore, zvichiwedzera njodzi ye "kupwanya," kana kudonha kwemukati nekuda kwekuyerera kwemvura, panguva yekuchera. Muivhu rine ivhu rakazara, dambudziko guru nderekubatana kwenguva refu—ivhu richaramba richioma sezvo mvura yemaburi ichidzvanywa pasi pehuremu hwechivako, zvichikonzera kugara zvishoma nezvishoma.
Njodzi huru dziri muvhu rine mvura dzinosanganisira: (1) simba shoma rekutakura zvinhu, zvichiita kuti nheyo dzisina kudzika dzisave dzakachengeteka; (2) kusagadzikana kwekuchera, madziro ekuchera achiputsika nyore nyore; (3) kuoma kwekubatanidza makomba, sezvo huwandu hwemvura hunopfuura hwakanyanya kunaka; (4) kuyerera kwemvura kunokanganisa kushanda kwekongiri nepasi pevhu; uye (5) kunyungudika kunogona kuitika mujecha rakazara panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Nokudaro, mushonga hausi wekungo "omesa" ivhu chete, asiwo kuwedzera kugadzikana nesimba revhu.
Kuferefeta Kwekutanga Sehwaro hweNzira
Danho rekutanga pakuona kubudirira nderekuferefeta mumunda nemurabhoritari: bvunzo dzekusimbisa vhu (CPT), SPT, kuchera, kuyerwa kwehuwandu hwemvura pasi pevhu, bvunzo dzemvura inoyerera, uye hunhu hwevhu hwepanyama uye hwemakanika. Ruzivo urwu runoshandiswa kuona kudzika kwezvikamu zvakapfava, ukobvu hwevhu rakazara, kugona kwekugara, uye nzira dzekuvandudza ivhu kana sarudzo dzehwaro. Pasina ruzivo rwakakwana, nzira yakasarudzwa inogona kusashanda zvakanaka kana kutogadzira matambudziko matsva, akadai sekugadzirisa vhu.
Nzira Yokubvisa Mvura (Kuomesa Nzvimbo Yebasa)
Kubvisa mvura ndiyo nzira inonyanya kushandiswa kudzora mvura yepasi pevhu kuitira kuti kuchera nekugadzira hwaro zviitwe zvakachengeteka. Dzimwe nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira:
1. Pombi yeSump
Mvura inoendeswa kunzvimbo yakaderera yekuchera (sump) yobva yaburitswa. Nzira iyi iri nyore uye isingadhuri, yakakodzera kuchera mvura isina kudzika ine mvura shoma. Zvisinei, muvhu rejecha, nzira iyi inogona kukonzera kukurwa kwezviyo zvakapfava uye kukanganisa kugadzikana kwekuchera kana mvura yakakwira zvakanyanya.
2. Sisitimu yeWellpoint
Mapombi emvura anoiswa akatevedzana akatenderedza nzvimbo yekuchera, uye mvura yepasi inodhonzwa uchishandisa pombi ye vacuum. Iyi sisitimu inoshanda mukuderedza mvura nemamita akati wandei, kunyanya mujecha diki kusvika pakati nepakati. Nzvimbo dzemvura dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumabasa epasi pevhu, ductwork, uye utilities dzepasi pevhu. Dambudziko nderekuti dzinoda kuiswa kwakaoma uye kugadziriswa kwepombi nguva dzose.
3. Tsime Rakadzika (Tsime Rakadzika)
Mapombi anonyudzwa mumvura anoiswa mumatsime akacherwa kuti aderedze huwandu hwemvura iri pasi pevhu pakadzika zvakanyanya. Nzira iyi yakakodzera kuchera mvura yakadzika nenzvimbo dzakakura. Matsime akadzika anoshanda muvhu rinopinda mvura rakaita sejecha nejecha. Kutarisa kwakakosha kuona kuti mvura haidonhedze mvura (drawdown) munyika yakapoteredza, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa zvivakwa zviri pedyo.
4. Musanganiswa wekucheka nekudzima mvura
Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kubvisa mvura kunosanganiswa nemadziro akachekwa asingapindi mvura, akadai semachira kana madziro ediaphragm, kuderedza kuyerera kwemvura uye kuderedza zvinodiwa pakupomba. Maitiro aya anowanzo sarudzwa munzvimbo dzakamanikana kana pedyo nezvivakwa zviripo.
Nzira dzeKusimbisa Ivhu uye Kuvandudza
Kana dambudziko guru risiri mvura chete, asi simba diki rekutakura zvinhu uye kushanduka kwakakosha kwevhu, saka kuvandudza ivhu kunodiwa. Heano mamwe maitiro akajairika uye anoshanda:
1. Kuisa zvinhu panze uye kuwedzera mari
Ivhu rakanyorova rakanyorova rinoiswa zvinhu kare (embankment yenguva pfupi) kuti rikurumidze kusimbiswa kwechivako chisati chagadzirwa zvachose. Nzira iyi inoderedza kugadzikana kwechivako mushure mekunge chivakwa chatanga kushanda. Inowanzo batanidzwa nemidziyo yakaita sema settlement plates nema piezometers kuti vaone kufambira mberi kwekubatanidzwa kwechivako.
2. Mvura Yakagadzirwa Nemvura Yakamira (PVD)
MaPVD anoiswa akamira kuti mvura ibude muvhu rakazara nemvura ikurumidze kuyerera. MaPVD anopfupikisa nzira yemvura, zvichiita kuti mvura irambe ichiyerera, zvichiita kuti iwedzere kusimba. Nzira iyi inozivikanwa zvikuru mumabasa ekugadzira migwagwa, chiteshi chengarava, uye mapurojekiti ekugadzirisa ivhu.
3. Kugadzikana kweMakemikoro (Lime/Simende)
Ivhu revhu rakanyorova zvakanyanya rinogona kugadzikiswa ne lime kana simende kuderedza kupfava, kuwedzera simba, uye kuwedzera kushanda. Nzira iyi inoshanda kune zvidimbu zvisina kudzika, zvakaita sekugadzirisa mugwagwa. Kudzora huwandu hwemusanganiswa uye maitiro ekusanganisa zvinodiwa kuti pave nemhedzisiro yakafanana.
4. Kubatanidza (Jekiseni)
Kuisa simende, makemikari, kana simende diki kunogona kuderedza kupinda kwemvura uye kuwedzera simba revhu. Kuisa simbi muvhu kunowanzo shandiswa kudzora kudonha kwemvura mukuchera, kuvhara nzira dzemvura, kana kusimbisa ivhu riri pasi pezvivakwa zviripo. Zvinodhura zvishoma, asi zvakakodzera nzvimbo shoma uye zvinodiwa zvakasiyana.
5. Dombo reMatombo neVibro-Replacement
Mune dzimwe ivhu rakapfava, kuisa matombo ematombo kunovandudza kuyerera kwemvura, kusimba kwekucheka, uye kunoderedza kugara zvakanaka. Matombo ematombo anoshandawo semadhireni echisikigo. Nzira iyi inoshanda pakutsigira makomba kana nheyo dzisina kudzika kana mamiriro ezvinhu achibvumira.
Nzira Dzakakodzera Dzekuvakira Ivhu Rine Mvura
Kana kugadzirisa pasi kusina mari yakawanda kana kuti kusingavimbise kugadzikana, kusarudza nheyo kunova chinhu chakakosha:
1. Nheyo yeMurwi (Murwi/Wakacherwa)
Mirwi iyi inotamisa mutoro kuenda kuvhu rakasimba pakadzika. Muvhu rine mvura, mirwi yekongiri, simbi kana yakaboorwa inoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Mirwi yekuboorera inoda kudzorwa kwemvura nedhaka rekuboorera (bentonite/polymer) kuitira kuti gomba risaputsike. Kunyange zvazvo kufambisa mirwi kuchikurumidza, kudedera uye ruzha zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo.
2. Nheyo yeRaft ine Kuvandudza Ivhu
Masherufu emumagwa anogona kuparadzira mitoro munzvimbo yakakura, kazhinji inoshandiswa pakuvaka zvivakwa zvakadzika kusvika pakati nepakati. Zvisinei, muvhu rakanyorova rakazara, magwafu anowanzo fanira kubatanidzwa nePVD, preloading, kana magwafu emumagwafu kuti adzore kugara kwenzvimbo.
3. Chimiro Chekuyangarara uye Kukwirira Kwepasi
Kune mamwe mapurojekiti madiki munzvimbo dzine mvura yakawanda (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzine madhaka), nzira dzekuvaka dzakadai sekusimudza pasi pechivako uye kupa mvura yakanaka pamusoro pevhu inogona kuva mhinduro inoshanda uye isingadhuri.
Kudzora Kuyerera Kwemvura Pamusoro
Pamusoro pemvura yepasi pevhu, mvura yepamusoro inobva mumvura inonaya uye inoyerera inofanirawo kudzorwa. Nzira dzemvura dzenguva pfupi, ivhu rakatsetseka, madziva emvura, uye magadzirirwo emvura kudzivirira kuvharika kwenzvimbo yebasa zvinogona kubatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwenzvimbo yebasa. Kudzora kuputsika kwevhu uye kuputsika kwemvura kwakakoshawo kudzivirira kuburitswa kwepombi kubva papombi kuti isasvibise nharaunda uye kukuvadza nzvimbo dzemvura dziri pedyo.
Kutarisa uye Kutarisira Njodzi
Kubata ivhu rakazadzwa nemvura kunowanzoda kutariswa: kuyera huwandu hwemvura iri pasi pevhu, kumanikidzwa kwemvura iri mumaburi, kushanduka kwemadziro ekuchera, uye kudzikira kwevhu. Kutarisa kunobvumira chiito nekukurumidza kana paine zvinhu zvisina kujairika, zvakaita sekuwedzera kukuru kwekubuda kwepombi kana kudarika muganho wekufamba kwevhu. Uyezve, kuchengetedzeka kwebasa kunoda kutariswa zvakanyanya, sezvo kuchera muvhu rakazara mvura kuchiwanzoitika kudonha kwevhu uye mamiriro ekunze anotsvedza, izvo zvinogona kukonzera njodzi yekunyura kana kudonha.
Mhedziso
Nzira dzekuvaka dzekugadzirisa ivhu rakazadzwa nemvura hadzisi dzepasi rose. Masisitimu ekudiridza akadai semapombi emvura, nzvimbo dzemvura, uye matsime akadzika anoshanda mukugadzira mamiriro ekushanda akaoma, asi anofanirwa kugadziriswa zvichienderana nerudzi rwevhu uye njodzi yekudonha kwemvura. Kune ivhu rakapfava, rakazara, kuvandudzwa kwevhu kuburikidza nekuisa zvinhu muvhu, PVD, kugadzikana kwemakemikari, matombo, kana grouting inowanzova mhinduro yakazara, kunyanya kugadzirisa kugara uye kuwedzera kugona kwekutakura. Panguva imwecheteyo, nheyo—kunyanya nheyo dzemapombi kana masisitimu emapaipi—kazhinji ndiyo nzira yakachengeteka yekufambisa mitoro kuenda kune dzakasimba.
Nekuferefeta kwakakodzera kwegeotechnical, kusarudza nzira dzakakodzera, uye kutarisa nguva dzose, matambudziko ekuvaka pavhu rakazara nemvura anogona kugadziriswa zvinobudirira kuitira kuti mapurojekiti arambe akachengeteka, nenguva, uye ave nehupenyu hurefu hwebasa.
