Dzidziso yekubatanidza AM Radio nePower Supply System
Redhiyo yeAM (Amplitude Modulation) ndeimwe yeredhiyo dzekare uye dziri nyore kudzidza. Kunyangwe vanhu vazhinji vava kuchinja kuenda kuredhiyo yedhijitari kana yekutepfenyura, kugadzira redhiyo yeAM kuchiri chirongwa chemagetsi chinonakidza, chinodzidzisa zvekutanga zvemasekete eredhiyo (RF), kugadzirisa, kuona masaini, uye kuwedzera odhiyo. Muchidzidzo chino, tichakurukura maitiro ekuvaka redhiyo yeAM iri nyore ine sisitimu yemagetsi yakagadzikana, zvichibvumira redhiyo kushanda nguva dzose pane kuvimba nemabhatiri chete.
> Cherechedza: Chinyorwa ichi chakagadzirirwa kubatanidza redhiyo iri nyore yeAM uchishandisa zvikamu zviripo zviri nyore. Kana uri mutsva, ndapota chenjera uye nyatso sanganisa, sezvo polarity isina kunaka kana kuiswa kwezvikamu kunogona kukonzera kutadza kushanda zvakanaka kwedunhu.
-
1. Nheyo pfupi yekushanda kweAM Radio
Redhiyo yeAM inoshanda nekubata mafungu eredhiyo yeAM kuburikidza neantenna, yozosarudza mafrequency chaiwo ichishandisa LC tuner circuit (inductor L uye variable capacitor C). Chiratidzo chakasarudzwa chinobva chapinda mu detector kuti chiparadzanise ruzivo rwekuteerera kubva kune carrier. Chiratidzo cheredhiyo chinozowedzerwa ne audio amplifier uye pakupedzisira chinobuda kuburikidza nemaspika kana mahedhifoni.
Kazhinji, AM radio block iri nyore ine:
1. Antena nepasi
2. LC tuner (sarudzo yemafrequency)
3. Chinoongorora (diode/chinogadzirisa masaini)
4. Mafirita enzwi
5. Chinosimudzira ruzha
6. Simba remagetsi
-
2. Rondedzero yeZvikamu Zvinodiwa
Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinowanzo shandiswa paradio yeAM ine amplifier yeaudio uye magetsi:
A. Chikamu cheRF neDetector
– 1 × Ferrite rod + AM coil (inogona kutorwa kubva paredhiyo yakashandiswa)
– 1 × Variable capacitor (2 gang polyvaricon iri nani, asi 1 gang yakakwana)
– 1 × Germanium diode (semuenzaniso 1N60 kana OA90) ye detector
(Kana zvakaoma, unogona kushandisa Schottky diode yakaita seBAT43, kunyange hazvo hunhu hwayo hungave hwakasiyana)
– 1 × 10 nF–100 nF capacitor (odhiyo filter kubva ku detector)
– 1 × 100 kΩ–1 MΩ resistor (mutoro we detector, zvingasarudzwa zvichienderana nekugadzirwa)
B. Chinosimudzira Ruzha
Sarudzo inonyanya kushanda:
– 1 × IC LM386 (iri nyore kuunganidza amplifier yeaudio ine simba shoma)
– 1 × Potentiometer 10 kΩ (vhoriyamu)
– 1 × 100 µF–470 µF capacitor (inoburitsa chinobuda kuenda kuchipika)
– 1 × 10 µF capacitor (LM386 gain, sarudzo)
– 1 × 100 nF capacitor (kupatsanura zvinhu zviri pedyo neIC)
– 1× 8 Ω Mutauri (0,5–1 W)
C. Sisitimu Yekupa Magetsi
Sarudzo dzakachengeteka uye dzakajairika:
– Adapta ye 9–12 V DC (isingasviki 300 mA)
– 1 × Diode 1N4007 (dziviriro ye polarity yekumashure)
– 1 × Regulator 7809 (yakagadzikana 9 V output) kana 7805 (5 V kana circuit yako iri 5 V)
– 1 × 470 µF capacitor yekuisa
– 1 × 220 µF capacitor inobuda
– 2 × 100 nF capacitors (pedyo nemakumbo emutongi, kupinda nekubuda)
- Swichi yekudzima/kudzima
– LED + 1 kΩ resistor (chiratidzo chesimba, sarudzo)
> Sei paine chinhu chinodzora magetsi chinodiwa? Nekuti maredhiyo (kunyanya chikamu cheRF) akasimba kana voltage isingachinji. Hum uye kukanganiswa kwesimba remagetsi zvinogonawo kuderedzwa kana simba remagetsi rakachena.
-
3. Dhizaini yeMabhuroko eDunhu
Kuti zvive nyore, gadzira redhiyo yako yeAM seizvi:
1. Tuner: ferrite coil + variable capacitor inogadzira resonance kune dzimwe nzvimbo.
2. Detector: germanium diode inogadzirisa chiratidzo cheRF kuita chiratidzo cheaudio.
3. Vhoriyamu: potentiometer inodzora kuti odhiyo inopinda muamplifier yakawanda sei.
4. LM386 amplifier: inowedzera ruzha zvakakwana kuti ifambise spika.
5. Simba remagetsi re9 V: adapta → dziviriro ye diode → 7809 regulator → firita.
-
4. Danho reKuungana Danho neDanho
Danho 1 — Gadzirira Simba Remagetsi Rakagadzikana
Tanga nemagetsi nekuti izvi zvinosarudza kugadzikana kwedunhu rese.
1. Batanidza adapta ye9–12 V DC kudunhu rekudzivirira polarity:
– Adapta yakanaka → 1N4007 diode → inoenda ku7809 input
– Adapta isina kunaka → nzvimbo yedunhu
2. Isa capacitor:
– 470 µF yakafanana nepfungwa yekutonga pasi
- 100 nF pedyo negumbo rekutonga rinopinda pasi
– 220 µF yakafanana neregulator output pasi
- 100 nF pedyo negumbo remutongi rinoburitsa simba pasi
3. Wedzera ON/OFF switch pamutsetse wakanaka usati wapinda mu regulator (kana mushure me regulator).
4. Kana uchishandisa LED inotaridza, batanidza resistor ye LED + 1 kΩ kubva pa 9 V output kuenda pasi.
Edza ne multimeter: simba remagetsi rinofanira kunge rakagadzikana ne 9 V DC.
-
Danho rechipiri — Unganidza LM386 Audio Amplifier
Dunhu reLM386 rinozivikanwa kuti riri nyore uye rakakodzera redhiyo yeAM.
1. Mapini akakosha eLM386:
– Pin 6: VCC (9 V)
– Pin 4: GND
– Pin 3: odhiyo inopinzwa
– Pin 5: chinobuda chinoenda kuspika kuburikidza ne electrolytic capacitor
2. Isa capacitor ye100 nF kubva kuVCC kuenda kuGND pedyo neIC kuti uderedze ruzha.
3. Isa potentiometer ye10 kΩ senzira yekudzora huwandu hwemhepo:
– Kugumira kumwe kwehari → chiratidzo chenzwi chinobva ku detector
– Mamwe magumo → pasi
– Gumbo repakati (chinopukuta) → LM386 inopinzwa (pin 3)
4. Zvinobuda muspika:
– Pin 5 LM386 → series capacitor 220–470 µF → speaker 8 Ω → ground
Kana uchida kuwedzera simba, isa capacitor ye10 µF pakati pepini 1 nepini 8 yeLM386 (sarudzo).
-
Danho rechitatu — Unganidza LC Tuner (Chikamu cheStation Catcher)
Chikamu ichi ndicho chinonyanya "kunzwa" uye ndicho chinosarudza kugona kugamuchira nhepfenyuro.
1. Shandisa ferrite rod ine AM coil:
- Kazhinji pane ma coil maviri: rimwe rekugadzirisa, rimwe rekubatanidza.
2. Batanidza coil yekutuning pamwe chete ne variable capacitor.
Izvi zvinoumba dunhu rinotenderera kuti risarudze frequency.
3. Pa antenna, unogona:
- Vimba netambo yeferrite seantenna yemukati (yakakwana nzvimbo dzakasimba dzemasaini), kana
– Wedzera mamita mashoma etambo yeantenna panzvimbo yekubatanidza (chenjerera kuti usaite kuti circuit ive "yakanyanya kurema" zvekuti kugadzirisa kwacho kwatambanudzwa).
Zano: Chengeta chikamu chetuner kure netambo yemagetsi netambo dzespika kuti usanzwa ruzha.
-
Danho rechina — Isa AM Detector
Zvishandiso zviri nyore zvinoshandisa ma germanium diodes nekuti magetsi avo ekumberi akaderera, zvakakodzera ma AM signals asina simba.
1. Zvinobuda kubva mudunhu retuner zvinoenda ku1N60 diode.
2. Mushure me diode, batanidza capacitor ye10 nF–100 nF pasi kuti ubvise chikamu cheRF uchisiya ruzha chete.
3. Tora chiratidzo chenzwi kubva panzvimbo iri mushure me diode uye filter capacitor, wobva waisa kune volume potentiometer.
Kana odhiyo iri pasi zvakanyanya kana kuti ine ruzha rwakawanda, unogona kuedza kushandura kukosha kwe filter capacitor (semuenzaniso 10 nF kuti treble irambe iri nani, 100 nF kuti ruzha ruve rwakatsetseka).
-
5. Kuisa waya pasi uye marongerwo ayo
Muredhiyo, kurongeka kwenzira kunowanzo kukosha kupfuura dzidziso yedunhu. Mimwe mitemo inokosha:
– Gadzira pasi rine nyeredzi: batanidza pasi nenzvimbo yepakati iri pedyo necapacitor inoburitsa simba rekutonga.
- Patsanura mitsetse yeaudio neRF ground nepaunogona wobva wabatanidza pane imwe nzvimbo.
– Waya inobva patuner kuenda pa detector inofanira kunge iri pfupi.
– Chengeta ferrite coil kure neadapter transformer (kana adapter iri yerudzi rwetransformer) kana kuti kubva kumamodule ekuchinja ane ruzha.
Kana uri kushandisa switching adapter yakachipa uye uri kunzwa ruzha/ruzha, edza:
- Wedzera capacitor ye1000 µF pakupinda,
– Wedzera kamuchina kadiki kekudhonza (choke) kakatevedzana pamutsetse wekupa,
- Kana kushandisa adapta yemhando yepamusoro.
-
6. Kuedza uye Kugadzirisa
Kana zvese zvaiswa:
1. Batidza magetsi, iva nechokwadi chekuti LM386 haipise zvakanyanya.
2. Tenderedza capacitor inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuti utsvage chiteshi.
3. Gadzirisa vhoriyamu pa potentiometer.
4. Kana usina kubata chero chinhu:
- Tarisa kubatana kwekoiri ne capacitor inoshanduka (yakafanana nemazvo)
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti detector diode haina kudzoserwa shure.
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti pasi rakabatana zvakanaka
- Edza kushandisa antenna refu yetambo kana kufambisa nzvimbo pedyo nehwindo.
Kuti uwedzere kunzwa, unogona kuwedzera transistor RF stage (preamp) pamberi pe detector, asi izvozvo hazvigoneke kune maredhiyo mazhinji ari nyore.
-
7. Mhedziso
Kuvaka redhiyo yeAM nehurongwa hwemagetsi ipurojekiti yakanaka kwazvo yekunzwisisa ma electronics anoshanda: kubva pakugadzirisa masaini eLC uye kuona masaini kusvika pakuwedzera ruzha. Simba rinodzorwa (rakadai se7809) rinopa kugadzikana kwakawanda, kuderedza ruzha, uye kuvandudza mashandiro aro zvichienzaniswa nemagetsi anochinja-chinja. Kana wangove neredhiyo iyi, unogona kuwedzera kune mamwe mapurojekiti, akadai sekuwedzera RF amplifier, mafirita ari nani, kana kutoedza superheterodyne circuit.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kukubatsirai kugadzira dhirama rakakwana redunhu (dhayagiramu) zvichienderana nezvinhu zvamunazvo, kana kugadzirisa simba (semuenzaniso shandisai mabhatiri anochajwazve 18650 + charger + step-down) kuti rive nyore kutakurwa.
