Gwaro rekugadzira Redhiyo Uchishandisa Analog Circuits
Kuvaka redhiyo ine macircuit eanalog ipurojekiti inonakidza uye inodzidzisa zvemagetsi. Kunze kwekudzidzira hunyanzvi hwako hwekubatanidza zvikamu, uchadzidzawo kuti mafungu eredhiyo anotorwa sei, anogadziriswa sei, uye obva ashandurwa kuita ruzha. Mugwaro rino, tichataura nezvepfungwa huru dzeredhiyo yeanalog, zvikamu zvinodiwa, uye matanho ekubatanidza nekuyedza kuti redhiyo igadzirire kushandiswa.
1. Nzwisisa Nheyo dzeKushanda dzeAnalog Radio
Redhiyo yeanalog ine matanho makuru akati wandei:
1. Antena inobata masaini eredhiyo kubva mumhepo.
2. Dunhu retuner rinosarudza frequency chaiyo kuitira kuti chiteshi chaunoda chete ndicho chitumirwe.
3. Chinoongorora/chinobvisa ruzha chinoparadzanisa ruzivo rwenzwi kubva kune chinopa ruzha.
4. Chinosimudzira ruzha chinowedzera ruzha kuitira kuti chive chakasimba zvakakwana kuti chikwanise kufambisa maspika kana mahedhifoni.
Gwaro iri richatarisa pane redhiyo yakapfava yeanalog, rudzi rweAM (Amplitude Modulation), nekuti iri nyore kugadzira pane redhiyo yeFM. Redhiyo yeAM inogona kuvakwa uchishandisa zvikamu zvisingashande zvakaita semacoil, macapacitor anochinja-chinja, uye madiode sezvioni.
2. Sarudza rudzi rweredhiyo: AM Crystal kana AM ine amplifier
Kune nzira mbiri dzakakurumbira:
– Redhiyo yeCrystal: iri nyore kwazvo, kazhinji haina bhatiri, ichishandisa simba remasaini eredhiyo chete. Dambudziko nderekuti odhiyo inobuda yakaderera uye mahedhifoni ane impedance yakawanda anowanzo diwa.
– Redhiyo yeAM ine transistor/IC amplifier: ichiri analog, asi odhiyo yacho inonzwika zvakanyanya uye inogona kushandisa sipika diki. Inoda simba (semuenzaniso, bhatiri re9V kana 3–6V).
Kuti uwane "mhinduro yakanaka", chinyorwa chino chichabatanidza pfungwa yeredhiyo iri nyore yeAM neamplifier yeaudio kuti zvive nyore kunakidzwa neruzha.
3. Zvishandiso Zvinodiwa uye Zvikamu
A. Zvikamu zvikuru zveredhiyo yeanalog AM
1. Koiri/inductor yeLC circuit (kugadzirisa).
2. Variable capacitor 100–365 pF yekugadzirisa frequency.
3. Germanium diode (semuenzaniso 1N34A) kana Schottky diode (imwe nzira) se AM detector.
4. Kaputeni diki (semuenzaniso 10 nF–100 nF) yekusefa ruzha.
5. Zvinodzivirira zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nedunhu re amplifier.
6. Potentiometer (semuenzaniso 10K–100K) senzira yekudzora vhoriyamu (sarudzo).
7. Antena (waya refu 5–20 metres iri nani) uye pasi (pombi yevhu kana yesimbi) kuti igare yakasimba.
B. Amplifita yeruzha
Unogona kusarudza imwe chete:
- Transistor amplifier iri nyore (analog "yechinyakare", asi yakagadziriswa zvakanyanya).
- MaIC eaudio amplifier akadai seLM386 (circuit iri nyore, yakajairika, uye ichiri analog).
Kuti zvive nyore kune vanotanga, LM386 inowanzo shandiswa nekuti dunhu racho rakareruka asi mhedzisiro yacho yakajeka.
C. Zvishandiso zvebasa
- Simbi inonamira nesimbi inonamira
– Breadboard kana buri PCB (veroboard)
– Mapuri ekucheka, mapuri etsono nemhino
- Multimeter
- Tambo dzemajumper
4. Kugadzira LC Tuner Circuit
Mwoyo weredhiyo yeanalog iri nyore iLC circuit (Inductor + Capacitor) iyo inosarudza frequency ye resonant. Paunotenderera variable capacitor, capacitance value yayo inochinja, nokudaro ichichinja frequency yeredhiyo yakasarudzwa.
Maitiro ekugadzira coil iri nyore
Unogona kugadzira coil yako wega:
– Shandisa mapaipi madiki epurasitiki kana tambo dzeferrite (zviri nani).
– Peta waya ye enamel (waya yemagineti) kutenderera kwemasekonzi makumi mashanu kusvika zana nemakumi maviri (zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwayo).
– Paredhiyo yeAM, coil inowanzo kuve mumazana emhando dze microhenry.
Kana ukashandisa ferrite rod, AM reception inowanzo kuve nani nekuti ferrite inobatsira "kutarisa" simba remagineti remafungu eredhiyo.
Chirongwa chepfungwa yeTuner
– Antena → coil → variable capacitor (yakafanana necoil)
Dunhu iri rinoumba "sefa rinosarudza" rinosarudza chiteshi chimwe chete.
5. Kugadzira AM Detector (Demodulator)
Mushure mekunge chiratidzo chechiteshi chasarudzwa neLC circuit, chiratidzo chinoramba chiri masaisai eredhiyo ane ruzivo rwe "piggybacking" pahukuru. Kuti utore odhiyo, unoshandiswa diode detector.
Dunhu rekuona zviri nyore:
– LC output → diode → capacitor to ground → load (amplifier/earphone input)
Madiode eGermanium anowanzo kurudzirwa nekuti kudonha kwawo kwemagetsi emberi kwakaderera pane kwemadiode esilicon akajairwa, zvichiita kuti zviratidzo zvisina simba zvionekwe zviri nani. Kana madiode egermanium akaoma kuwana, madiode eSchottky anogona kuva imwe nzira.
6. Kuwedzera Audio Amplifier (LM386)
Pasina amplifier, redhiyo yekristaro inowanzo nzwika chete kuburikidza nemaearphone akakosha. NeLM386, chiratidzo chidiki chenzwi chinobva mu detector chinogona kuwedzerwa kune speaker diki.
Pfungwa yekubatana:
1. Chinobuda mu detector (audio) → coupling capacitor (semuenzaniso 10 nF–100 nF kana 1 µF zvichienderana nekugadzirwa) → LM386 input
2. LM386 → 8 ohm speaker
3. Wedzera potentiometer usati waisa LM386 kuti udzore vhoriyamu.
Iyo LM386 inowanzo shanda zvakanaka ne 5–12V supply. Pakuyedza, bhatiri re9V rinowanzo shandiswa kuti zvive nyore. Iva nechokwadi chekuwedzera bypass capacitors kune supply (semuenzaniso, 100 nF uye 100 µF) kuti amplifier irambe yakanyarara.
7. Matanho Ekubatanidza
Danho 1: Unganidza tuner nezvikamu zve detector
- Isa coil ne variable capacitor se resonance circuit.
– Batanidza antenna panzvimbo yekupinda yeLC circuit (dzimwe nguva kuburikidza necapacitor diki sekubatanidza).
- Isa detector diode mushure meLC circuit.
– Wedzera capacitor diki pasi mushure me diode kuti chiratidzo chinyatsobuda zvakanaka (sefa chikamu cheRF).
Usati waenderera mberi ne amplifier, unogona kuiedza uchishandisa ma earphone ane impedance ine high-impedance. Kana uri pedyo ne AM transmitter kana uchishandisa antenna refu, dzimwe nguva unogona kunzwa ruzha, kunyangwe zvinyoro nyoro.
Danho rechipiri: Kuunganidza amplifier yeLM386
– Unganidza LM386 zvichienderana nemagadzirirwo ekutanga.
– Batanidza chinobuda che detector kune chinobuda che LM386 kuburikidza ne coupling capacitor.
– Batanidza sipika kune LM386 output.
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti pasi pedunhu rese rakabatana zvakanaka.
Danho rechitatu: Sanganisa uye gadzirisa tambo
- Gadzira nzira yakanaka pasi kuti uderedze ruzha.
- Chengeta tambo yeantenna kure netambo yespeaker kuti usataure kana kurira.
– Iva nechokwadi chekuti chinhu chinosungirirwa hachipfupiki (bata mimwe mitsetse).
8. Kuedza uye Kugadzirisa
1. Batidza circuit yeamplifier (kana uchishandisa mabhatiri).
2. Tendeudza capacitor inoshanduka zvishoma nezvishoma uchiteerera speaker.
3. Kana ukanzwa ruzha rwechiteshi, edza kuisa:
- Nzvimbo yeantenna kana kureba kweantenna.
– Nzvimbo yekoiri padanda referrite (kana iripo).
– Pasi (dzimwe nguva zvinokanganisa zvikuru kugamuchira).
4. Kana ruzha chete rwukanzwika:
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti diode yakaiswa panzvimbo chaiyo.
- Tarisa kukosha kwe capacitor uye kubatana paLC.
– Edza kushandisa antenna refu kana kuchinja nzvimbo (kure nekukanganiswa kwemagetsi).
Redhiyo yeAM inogona kukanganiswa ne switching adapters, mwenje ye LED yakachipa, uye zvishandiso zvedhijitari. Edza circuit munzvimbo yakachena zvine electromagnetic.
9. Mazano Ekuita Kuti Analog Radio Inzwire
- Shandisa ferrite rod yeAM coil kuti uwedzere kusarudza uye kunzwa.
- Wedzera capacitor yekubatanidza antenna (semuenzaniso 10–100 pF) kuitira kuti LC circuit isanyanya "kuremedzwa" neantenna.
– Shandisa tambo yevhu papombi yemvura yesimbi kana pasi pechivako pese pazvinogoneka.
- Iva nechokwadi chekuti marongerwo echikamu chacho akapfupika, kunyanya muzvikamu zveLC nezvinoongorora, nekuti zvikamu izvi zvinonzwa ruzha.
10. Kuchengetedzeka uye Hunhu Hwakanaka
Maredhiyo anogamuchira anowanzo chengetedzwa, asi achiri kuita zvinotevera:
– Dzivisa kupfupisa mafambiro ebhatiri.
– Shandisa solder nekungwarira (kupisa uye utsi hwesolder).
– Usaise antenna panzvimbo ine njodzi (pedyo netambo dzemagetsi dzine voltage yakawanda).
Penutup
Kuvaka redhiyo ine macircuit eanalog inzira yakanaka yekunzwisisa hwaro hwekutaurirana neredhiyo: kubva pakubata masaini, kugadzirisa, kubvisa ruzha, uye kuwedzera ruzha. Chirongwa ichi chinogona kusimudzirwa, semuenzaniso nekuwedzera RF amplifier stage, uchishandisa superheterodyne (yakaoma kunzwisisa), kana kugadzirisa dunhu kuti ritore zviteshi zvakawanda. Nekushingaira mukuunganidza nekugadzirisa, uchawana kugutsikana kwakasiyana kana dunhu rako rakagadzirwa kumba rikabudirira "kutora" ruzha kubva mumhepo.
Kana uchida, ndinogona kukubatsira kugadzira circuit schematic chaiyo (ine zvikamu zvakatsanangurwa) zvichienderana nezvikamu zvaunazvo (semuenzaniso, rudzi rwe variable capacitor, coils dziripo, uye simba raunoda kushandisa).
