Kutsanangurwa kweMechanical uye Structural yeMetal Alloys
Pendauluan
Chiumbwa chesimbi chinhu chinoumbwa nekusanganisa zvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura—chimwe chazvo chiri simbi—kuti chiwane hunhu huri nani pane hwesimbi yakachena. Mienzaniso yakajairika isimbi (Fe–C), brass (Cu–Zn), uye aluminum alloys (Al ine Mg, Si, Cu, kana Zn). Mukushandiswa kwemaindasitiri, alloys esimbi anosarudzwa nekuda kwekusanganiswa kwadzo kwezvinhu zvakaita sekusimba kwakanyanya, kuomarara, kuramba ngura, uye nyore kugadzira. Kuti ashandiswe zvakanaka uye zvakachengeteka emhando idzi, hunhu hwadzo hwemakanika nehwemaumbirwo hunodiwa. Hunhu uhwu hunobatsira kujekesa hukama huripo pakati pemaumbirwo emukati (semuenzaniso, saizi yetsanga, zvikamu, precipitates, uye crystal defects) uye hunhu hwemakanika (semuenzaniso, simba rekudhonza, kuomarara, ductility, uye kuramba kuneta).
Pfungwa huru dzechimiro chesimbi chinosanganisira alloy
Maumbirwo esimbi alloys anowanzo kurukurwa pamatanho akasiyana-siyana:
1. Atomic scale/crystalography: kurongeka kwemaatomu mu crystal lattice (FCC, BCC, HCP).
2. Micro scale: saizi yetsanga, miganhu yetsanga, zvikamu, mvura inonaya, inclusions, porosity.
3. Macro scale: kupatsanura, zvikanganiso zvekukanda, mitswe, uye magadzirirwo anokonzerwa nekuumbwa kwechinhu.
Kusiyana kwezvikamu (semuenzaniso, ferrite nepearlite musimbi yekabhoni) kunokanganisa zvakanyanya hunhu hwemakanika. Uyezve, maitiro ekurapa kupisa akadai sekunyungudutsa, kudzima, uye tempering anogona kuchinja kugoverwa kwezvikamu uye kugadzirisa saizi yetsanga, nokudaro achichinja simba uye kusimba kwechinhu chacho. Nokudaro, chimiro chechimiro chakakosha kuti tinzwisise mhedzisiro yemiedzo yemakanika.
Kutsanangurwa kweMichina: Zvinangwa uye Zvikamu Zvikuru
Kutsanangurwa kwemuchina kunovavarira kuyera kupindura kwechinhu kune zvinhu zvakatarwa, magadzirirwo azvo, uye mamiriro ekunze. Maparamita anowanzo ongororwa anosanganisira:
1. Kuedza Kusimba
Kuedza kwekukweshana ndiyo nzira huru yekuwana macurve ekumanikidzwa-kumanikidzwa. Kubva mukuedzwa uku, zvinotevera zvinogona kuonekwa:
– Simba rekugadzira: muganho wekuti chinhu chinotanga kuona kushanduka kwepurasitiki zvachose.
– Simba guru rekudhonza (UTS): kushushikana kwakanyanya usati wabatwa nemutsipa.
– Kureba: kugona kwechinhu kurebesa chisati chatyoka.
– Modulus yekusimba (Young's modulus): kuomarara kwechinhu munzvimbo yekusimba.
Ma alloys ane ma precipitates akapfava (semuenzaniso ma alloys eAl–Cu) anowanzo ratidza simba rakawedzerwa rekugadzira nekuti ma precipitates acho anodzivirira kufamba kwe dislocation.
2. Muedzo weKuoma
Kuedza kwekuomarara kwechinhu nekukurumidza uye kunoshanda kwekuongorora kuramba kwechinhu kupinda kana kushanduka kwenzvimbo yacho. Nzira dzakajairika:
– Brinell: yakakodzera zvinhu zvakapfava kusvika pakati nepakati uye kwete zvivakwa zvakapfava zvakanyanya.
– Rockwell: inokurumidza, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri.
– Vickers neMicro-Vickers: zvinogona kushandiswa kuyera kuomarara munzvimbo diki, kusanganisira mamwe matanho ari mu microstructure.
Kuomarara kunowanzoenderana nekusimba kwekusimba mune akawanda ma alloys, kunyangwe hukama uhwu huchida kuenzaniswa zvichienderana nerudzi rwechinhu uye kurapwa kwekupisa.
3. Kuedza Kukanganisa
Miedzo yekukanganisa yakaita seyeCharpy kana kuti Izod inoyera simba rinotorwa nezvinhu kana zvichinge zvaiswa mushock loading. Iyi parameter yakakosha pakuongorora kusimba uye brittle fracture, kunyanya musimbi dzinogona kuchinja brittle-ductile nekuda kwekuchinja kwetembiricha. Chimiro chegrain chakapfava uye ductile phase zvinowanzowedzera kusimba.
4. Kuedzwa Kwekuneta
Zvikamu zveinjiniya zvakaita semashaft, magiya, maspring, uye zvivakwa zvendege zvinowanzoiswa mutoro unodzokororwa. Kuedzwa kwekuneta kunoita kuti S-N curve (kushushikana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwema cycles kusvika pakutyoka). Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kuneta zvinosanganisira:
- kuomarara kwepadenga,
- kuvapo kwezvibatanidzwa kana mapores,
- kushushikana kwakasara,
- nharaunda inoparadza,
– uye microstructure (saizi yezviyo, mvura inonaya, uye kugoverwa kwezvikamu).
Ma alloys ane ma inclusions makuru kana ma porosity akawandisa anowanzo gara kwenguva refu nekuda kwekuti matombo anotsemuka nyore nyore paanokanganisa aya.
5. Bvunzo reKukwenya uye Kuputika kweStress
Pakupisa kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, magasi turbine, mabhoyila, kana ma reactor), zvinhu zvinogona kuchinja purasitiki zvishoma nezvishoma (creep) kwenguva yakareba. Miedzo yecreep inoyera mwero wekusvuta uchienzaniswa nenguva pakumanikidzwa uye tembiricha chaiyo. Maitiro ecreep anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekupararira kwemaatomu, miganhu yegrain, uye kugadzikana kwechikamu. Masuperalloy akavakirwa panickel akagadzirwa kuti ave ne precipitates dzakadai se γ' stable pakupisa kwakanyanya kuti awedzere kuramba kwecreep.
Kurongeka kweMaumbirwo: Nzira neRuzivo Rwakawanikwa
Kutsanangura chimiro chesimbi kunotarisa nekuyera hunhu hwemukati mesimbi dzakasanganiswa. Matekiniki anosanganisira:
1. Metallography (Optical Microscopy)
Metallography ndiyo danho rekutanga pakudzidza nezvemaumbirwo emuviri. Sampuro inochekwa, inodzvanywa, inokweshwa, inoporishwa, yozochekwa uchishandisa mushonga wemakemikari kuratidza miganhu yetsanga nechikamu. Izvi zvinobvumira kuongororwa kwe:
- saizi yezviyo,
- chikamu chechikamu,
- kugoverwa kwepearlite/ferrite musimbi,
- dendrites mu alloys dzakagadzirwa,
– pamwe nekukanganisika muchimiro chekuboora kana kuti kutsemuka kudiki.
Saizi yezviyo inowanzoenderana nekusimba kwayo kuburikidza nehukama hweHall-Petch: kana zviyo zvidiki, simba rekukohwa rinokwira (kusvika pamuganho wakati).
2. Electron Microscope (SEM) uye Kuongororwa kweComposition (EDS)
Kuskena Electron Microscope (SEM) kunopa resolution yepamusoro kupfuura maikorosikopu yemaziso uye kunobatsira zvikuru kune:
- ona chimiro chemvura inonaya uye chikamu,
– kutarisa nzvimbo dzakatyoka (fractography),
– ongorora mashandiro ekutyoka kweganda (kuoma, kuputsika, kusviba).
SEM inowanzo batanidzwa neEnergy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) yekuongorora zvinhu zvemuno, semuenzaniso kuona zvinhu zvakapfuma musimbi kana mhangura muaruminiyamu.
3. Kuparadzaniswa kweX-ray (XRD)
X-ray diffraction (XRD) inoshandiswa kuona ma crystalline phases uye lattice parameters. XRD inobatsira:
- kuona zvikamu zvakaoma kusiyanisa ne metallographical,
- kuyera kushushikana kwasara,
- kutarisa magadzirirwo ekristaro,
- uye fungidzira saizi yekristaro muzvinhu zvakapfava kwazvo.
Musimbi, XRD inogona kusiyanisa pakati peferrite, austenite yakachengetwa, uye martensite kuburikidza nemapatani akasiyana-siyana ekupararira.
4. TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)
Pakuongorora kwe nanometer-scale, TEM inokosha, kunyanya kune alloys dzakasimba kana kuti dzine deformation yakanyanya. TEM inokwanisa kuratidza:
- kupatsanuka uye kudonha kwezvimedu,
- nanoprecipitate,
- zvikanganiso zvekuunganidza,
- pamwe chete nemiganhu yezvikamu yakapfava.
Ruzivo urwu rwakakosha muzvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvakaita sealuminium inooma kwenguva refu, simbi dzemartensitic, kana titanium alloys pakushandisa mundege.
5. Kuedzwa Kusingaparadze (NDT)
Mukushandiswa kwemaindasitiri, kutsanangurwa kwemaumbirwo echinhu hakudi nguva dzose kuparadzwa kwezvikamu zvacho. Nzira dzeNDT dzinosanganisira:
- kuyedzwa kwe ultrasound kuti uone zvikanganiso zvemukati,
– X-ray (X-ray/gamma) yekuona maburi nemaburi,
- zvidimbu zvemagineti zvezvikanganiso zvesimbi yeferromagnetic,
- chinhu chinopinza dhayi kuti chibvise matombo pamusoro pesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana.
NDT inokosha pakudzora hunhu uye kuongororwa nguva nenguva pakuvaka kwakakosha.
Hukama huripo pakati peMicrostructure neMechanical Properties
Hukama hwemaumbirwo nepfuma ndihwo hwakakosha musainzi yezvinhu. Mimwe mienzaniso yakajairika yehukama uhwu ndeiyi:
– Kunaya kwemvura zvishoma kunowedzera simba (kuoma kwemvura) asi kunogona kuderedza kupfava kwemvura kana yakawandisa.
- Hukuru hwetsanga diki hunowedzera simba uye kazhinji kuomarara, asi mamwe maitiro anogona kuwedzera kushushikana kwakasara.
- Mativi akaomarara akadai semartensite anowedzera kuomarara uye simba, asi anogona kuderedza kuomarara kana asina kudzikamiswa.
– Zvikamu zvinosanganisirwa uye zvinopinda mumasero zvinowanzoderedza kuramba kuneta uye kusimba nekuti zvinova pokutangira kutsemuka.
Saka, kududzirwa kwemhedzisiro yemiedzo yemakanika kunofanira kugara kwakabatana nemhedzisiro yekuongorora kwemaumbirwo kuitira kuti zvikonzero zvemaitiro ezvinhu zvinzwisiswe, kwete kungonyorwa chete.
Penutup
Kutsanangurwa kwesimbi dzakasanganiswa nesimbi muchimiro uye muchimiro chinhu chakakosha chekuona kuti zvinhu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzira nekuchengetedzeka. Miedzo yesimbi yakaita sekumanikidzwa, kuomarara, kukanganiswa, kuneta, uye kukwira kwemvura inopa data rehuwandu hwekushanda kwezvinhu pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ekuremerwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kutsanangurwa kwechimiro kuburikidza ne metallography, SEM/EDS, XRD, TEM, uye NDT kunotsanangura "sei" zvinhu zvichiratidza humwe hunhu nekuratidza zvikamu, saizi dzezviyo, precipitates, dislocations, uye zvikanganiso zvemukati. Kubatanidzwa kweizvi kunobvumira kugadziriswa kwe alloy composition, kupisa, uye maitiro ekugadzira, zvichibvumira dhizaini ye alloy yakavimbika kune zvishandiso kubva pakuvaka nemotokari kusvika kuaerospace nesimba.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa chino kuita mazwi akamanikana ane chiuru (1000 chaiyo), kana kutarisa pane alloy chaiyo yakaita sesimbi, aruminiyamu, titanium, kana nickel superalloys.
