Kushandiswa kweSimbi muKugadzira Zvishandiso zveMakombuta
Metallurgy isainzi neinjiniya inodzidza hunhu hwesimbi uye maitiro ekubvisa, kuchenesa, kubatanidza, uye kuumba kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa chaizvo. Munyika ye tekinoroji yeruzivo, metallurgy inoita basa rakakosha nekuti midziyo yemakombiyuta yakawanda—kubva kuma processors nema motherboards kusvika kumidziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu uye kunyange macasing—inovimba nezvinhu zvesimbi ne alloy zvine hunhu hwakakodzera. Pasina kufambira mberi mu metallurgy, makombiyuta emazuva ano aisazova nekumhanya, kuvimbika, kushanda zvakanaka kwekupisa, uye kugara kwenguva refu sezvatinofarira nhasi.
1. Simbi ndiyo hwaro hwezvinhu zvehardware
Zvishandiso zvemakombiyuta zvinoumbwa nemusanganiswa wezvinhu: semiconductors (senge silicon), polymers (purasitiki), ceramics, uye simbi. Pakati peizvi, simbi dzinoshanda semaconductor emagetsi, heat dissipators, electromagnetic shield, uye structural elements. Metallurgy inobvumira vagadziri kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvichienderana nezvavanoda: high conductivity yemagetsi, mechanical strength ye chassis, corrosion ye connectors, uye high conductivity yekupisa ye cooling systems.
Kugadzira simbi kwemazuva ano hakusi kungotaura nezve "simbi yekushandisa," asiwo nezve maitiro ekugadzira zvinhu—sehukuru hwezviyo, chikamu che alloy, uye kupisa—zvinokanganisa mashandiro azvo. Kudzora chimiro ichi ndiko kunoita kuti alloy irambe yakasimba pakupisa kwakanyanya, irambe yakasimba mushure mekudziya kakawanda, kana kuratidza kusakara kana yakabatana nekanika kakawanda.
2. Madhairekita emagetsi: mhangura, goridhe, uye alloys dzawo
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira simbi ndeyekushandisa mhangura (Cu) semuchina wemagetsi mumabhodhi eamai netambo. Mhangura inosarudzwa nekuda kwesimba rayo guru remagetsi, nyore kuumba, uye mutengo wayo wakaderera kana tichienzanisa nesimbi dzinokosha. Pamabhodhi edunhu akadhindwa (PCBs), zvidimbu zvemhangura zvinoumbwa kuita zvisaririra uchishandisa nzira yekugadzira inoda ukobvu hwakati uye kuchena. Kugadzira simbi kunoita basa rekudzora kuchena kwemhangura, sezvo kusvibiswa kunogona kuwedzera kusimba kwemagetsi uye kukurumidzisa ngura.
Panguva imwecheteyo, goridhe (Au) rinowanzo shandiswa sechinongedzo pazvinobatanidza—semuenzaniso, zvinobatanidza zveRAM, PCIe, uye mamwe maports—nekuti rinodzivirira ngura zvakanyanya uye rine conductivity yakanaka. Kunyangwe richidhura, dhayamita yakatetepa yegoridhe yakakwana kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti magetsi anobatana zvakanaka kwenguva refu. Muchokwadi, simbi dzinobatanidza dzinoda kudzora ukobvu, kunamira, uye kuenderana nesimbi yepasi kudzivirira kutsemuka.
Kunze kwegoridhe, nickel (Ni) inowanzoshandiswawo sechidziviriro chekudzivirira kupararira kwesimbi, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kunaka kwekubatana kwayo. Musanganiswa weCu-Ni-Au muzvinobatanidza muenzaniso wekuti simbi inovandudza sei mashandiro ayo uye hupenyu hwebasa rayo.
3. Kubatanidza nekubatanidza: kubva pakugadzira tin-lead kusvika pakusanganisa pasina lead
Kugadzira midziyo yemakombiyuta kunosanganisira nzira yekusonesa inoshandiswa kubatanidza zvikamu kubhodhi redunhu rakadhindwa (PCB). Masonesa eTin-lead (Sn-Pb) aimbove akakurumbira nekuda kwekuti ainyunguduka zvishoma uye nyore kushandisa. Zvisinei, nekuda kwehutano nezvinetso zvakatipoteredza, indasitiri iyi yave kushandisa masonesa asina lead, akadai setin-silver-copper alloy (SAC: Sn-Ag-Cu).
Apa ndipo panonyanya kukosha kugadzira simbi. Masimbi anosanganisa zvinhu anofanira kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakawanda: nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yakakodzera kugadzirwa, kugona kunyorovesa, simba remuchina, kuramba kupisa kunopwanyika, uye kugadzikana pasi pekupisa kunodzokororwa. Metallurgy inodzidza kuumbwa kwemakomponi epakati pesimbi pakati pesimbi inosanganisa zvinhu nesimbi yemhangura, sezvo jira rakakora repakati pesimbi rinogona kugadzira brittle joint. Kudzora kuumbwa kwesimbi, kudzoreredza kupisa, uye dhizaini yekudzivirira masimbi zvese chikamu cheinjiniya yesimbi inosarudza mhando yechigadzirwa.
4. Kutarisira kupisa: aruminiyamu, mhangura, uye zvinhu zvinopisa
Makomputa emazuva ano anogadzira kupisa kwakawanda, kunyanya muCPU neGPU. Kutarisira kupisa chinhu chakakosha pakuona kuti mashandiro akasimba uye hupenyu hwezvikamu hurefu. Metallurgy inotsigira izvi kuburikidza nekusarudza uye hunyanzvi hwezvinhu zveheatsink, heat spreader, uye heat pipe.
Aruminiyamu (Al) inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pakugadzira ma heatsink nekuti yakareruka, inoburitswa nyore nyore muzvipini zvinotonhodza, uye isingadhuri zvakanyanya. Mhangura, ine mafambiro ayo ekupisa akakwira, inowanzoshandiswa muzvikamu zvinoda kutamiswa nekukurumidza kwekupisa, senge ma heatsink bases kana ma heat pipes. Mune mamwe magadzirirwo, ma heatsink anobatanidza aruminiyamu nemhangura kuti pave nekuenzana pakati pekushanda kwekupisa uye huremu/mutengo. Maitiro ekubatanidza simbi idzi mbiri dzakasiyana anodawo kufunga nezve metallurgical, senge kudzivirira galvanic corrosion uye kuona kuti kupisa kwakabatana zvakanaka.
Pamusoro pezvo, chiparara chekupisa chiri pa processor chinoshandisa zvinhu zvesimbi zvine hunhu hwepamusoro uye zvakatsetseka kuti chive nechokwadi chekuti chinobata zvakanaka ne thermal paste. Kunyangwe thermal paste pachayo dzimwe nguva ine simbi kana ceramic particles kuti iwedzere thermal conductivity—kunyange izvi zvichiwira mukati mezvinhu zvakasanganiswa, nheyo dzesimbi dzinoramba dzichikosha pakusarudza zvidimbu uye kugadzikana.
5. Maumbirwo emakanika: keji, furemu, uye kuramba ngura
Zvimiro zvakaita semaPC cases, laptop chassis, uye ma enclosures emukati zvinoda zvinhu zvakasimba asi zvakareruka. Ma desktop cases mazhinji anoshandisa simbi nekuda kwesimba rayo uye mutengo wayo, nepo michina inotakurika inowanzo shandisa aluminum kana magnesium alloys kuti ive yakareruka. Metallurgy inobatsira kuona mhando ye alloy uye kurapwa kwayo (senge anodizing aluminum) kuti ivandudze kusakara uye kuramba ngura ukuwo ichipa runako rwakanaka.
Mumalaptop epamusoro-soro, alloys dzealuminium dzakagadzirwa nemazvo dzinoda chinhu chakafanana uye chakasimba. Pakusarudza alloy, metallurgy inofunga nezvekuomarara, kugona kushandura, uye kuramba kuchinja. Kunyangwe zvinhu zvidiki zvakaita se screws nema hinges zvinoshandiswa mu metallurgy: kusarudza simbi isingasvibi kana alloy chaiyo kunogona kusarudza kana hinge yacho icharamba yakasimba mushure mekuvhurika nekuvharwa kwezviuru.
6. Kuchengetedza data: basa resimbi mumaHDD nemaSSD
Mumadhisiki akaoma (HDDs), simbi yakakosha. Madhisiki eHDD akagadzirwa nearuminiyamu kana girazi rakafukidzwa nesimbi ine magineti yakavakirwa pasimbi (yakadai secobalt). Hunhu hwemagineti hwesimbi—kusanganisira saizi yetsanga uye kurongeka kwekristaro—hunokanganisa huwandu hwenzvimbo yekuchengetedza. Musoro wekuverenga-kunyora unoshandisawo simbi yakatetepa uchishandisa nzira dzekuisa zvinhu nemazvo.
Muma solid-state drives (SSDs), kunyangwe data rakachengetwa pama semiconductor chips, simbi ichiri kuita basa mukubatanidza nzira, ma connector pads, uye shielding. Uyezve, ma SSD mazhinji anoshandisa aluminium heatsinks kuchengetedza tembiricha uye kudzivirira kudzikira kwekushanda nekuda kwe thermal throttling.
7. Kudzivirira kwemagetsi uye kuvimbika kwechiratidzo
Midziyo yemakombiyuta inofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yekupindira kwemagetsi (EMI). Simbi inoshandiswa kudzivirira mwaranzi yechiratidzo kana kupindira. Mienzaniso inosanganisira dziviriro dzesimbi dziri pazvikamu zvemamabhodhi eamai, macasing emagetsi (PSU), uye chifukidziro chekudzivirira patambo. Metallurgy inobatsira kusarudza zvinhu zvinodzivirira kupindira uku zviri nyore kugadzira.
Kuvimbika kwemasaini ekumhanya kwakanyanya kune chekuitawo nehunhu hwepamusoro pemuchina wekufambisa, kuramba kuoxidation, uye kugadzikana kwekubatana. Muzvinobatanidza zvinomhanya zvakanyanya, machira ekudzivirira akadai segoridhe nenickel haasi ekungo "kusaita ngura," asiwo ekuchengetedza kugadzikana kweimpedance uye kugadzikana kwekutumira data muhupenyu hwese hwechigadzirwa.
8. Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza uye kudzokorodza: simbi dzinogara kwenguva refu
Indasitiri yemidziyo yemakombiyuta inotarisana nedambudziko guru: marara emagetsi (e-waste). Kugadzira simbi kunoitawo basa pano nekuparadzanisa nekuwana simbi dzinokosha dzakadai segoridhe, mhangura, sirivha, palladium, uye simbi dzisingawanzoonekwi kubva mumidziyo yakashandiswa. Nzira dzekugadzira simbi dzinoshandiswa pakubvisa simbi nekushanda nesimba.
Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zviri nyore kushandisa patsva, kuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwesimbi ine chepfu, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinotsigira kupwanywa kwesimbi zvakare chikamu chenzira yemazuva ano yekushandisa simbi. Sezvo nzira dzekushandisa patsva dzichifambira mberi, kuvimba nekuchera migodhi mitsva, iyo ine kukanganisa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza, kunoderera.
Mhedziso
Metallurgy ndiyo musimboti usingawanzoonekwi wekuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yekombuta. Kubva panzira dzemhangura dziri pamaPCB, goridhe rakaiswa pazvinobatanidza, ma solder alloys asina lead, aluminium ne copper heatsinks, kusvika kuzvinhu zvine magineti zviri mumaHDD—zvese zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwehunhu hwesimbi, ma alloys, maitiro ekugadzira, uye kudyidzana kwezvinhu pa microscale. Kugadzirwa kwemakombiyuta anokurumidza, akamanikana, uye anoshanda zvakanyanya hakungovimbi chete pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi asiwo pakugadzira zvinhu zvinoita kuti zvikamu zvishande zvakadzikama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Zvichienderera mberi, metallurgy ichave yakakosha zvakanyanya, kunyanya mukufambisa kushanda zvakanaka kwesimba, kuvandudza kugara kwenguva refu kwemidziyo, uye kusimbisa masisitimu ekudzokorodza eindasitiri yetekinoroji inogara kwenguva refu.
