Matambudziko Ekuchengetedza muIoT Networks
Indaneti yezvinhu (IoT) yakachinja mashandiro anoita vanhu netekinoroji. Midziyo yakaita semwenje yakangwara, makamera eCCTV, masensa emaindasitiri, mita dzemagetsi dzakangwara, michina yehutano inopfekwa, uye kunyange masisitimu ekugadzira otomatiki emufekitori zvakabatana neinternet kuti zviunganidze data uye zviite mabasa otomatiki. Kunyange hazvo zviri nyore uye kushanda zvakanaka zvinopihwa neIoT zvakakura, matambudziko ekuchengetedza akakosha. Network dzeIoT dzinowanzo kuve nyore kutarirwa nekuti huwandu hwemidziyo hwakakura, hwakasiyana, uye hwakawanda hwakagadzirwa nemutengo wakaderera, husingatarise zvinhu zvekuchengetedza. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura matambudziko makuru ekuchengetedza munetwork dzeIoT, zvikonzero zvadzo, uye kukanganisa kwadzo kune vashandisi nemasangano ega ega.
1. Nzvimbo Yakakura Kwazvo Yekurwisa
Dambudziko guru neIoT inzvimbo yayo yakakura yekurwiswa. Kusiyana nemasisitimu eIT echinyakare, ayo angangova nemaseva, makomputa, uye zvishandiso zvenetwork chete, IoT inogona kusanganisira zviuru kusvika kumamiriyoni ezvishandiso zvidiki zvakapararira munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Chishandiso chimwe nechimwe chinova "nzvimbo yekupinda" kune vanorwisa. Kana michina yakabatana zvakanyanya, zvinova zvakaoma kuitarisa nguva dzose.
Semuenzaniso, kambani inogadzira inoisa masensa ekupisa uye vibration pamichina yekugadzira. Kana imwe sensa iine dambudziko rekuchengetedza uye yakabatana ne network yemukati, murwisi anogona kuishandisa kuti iende kune masisitimu akakosha akadai semasevha ekugadzira kana madhatabhesi.
2. Miganhu Yezvishandiso Zvemudziyo
Midziyo mizhinji yeIoT yakagadzirwa ne processor, memory, uye power limits. Izvi zvinoita kuti kushandisa nzira dzekuchengetedza dzemazuva ano kuve kwakaoma. Kuvharwa kwakasimba kwedata, layered authentication, secure boot, kana kutarisa kuvimbika kwedata zvinowanzoda kuti zviwanikwa zvemakombiyuta zvisawanikwe pamidziyo inodhura.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, mimwe midziyo inoshandisa nzira dzisina kusimba dzekutaurirana, inochengeta mapassword zvisina kuchengetedzeka, kana kutumira data pasina encryption. Kunyangwe kana vatengesi vachiedza kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka, midziyo yacho inogona kutadza kumhanyisa zvigadziriso zvakakwana zvekuchengetedza.
3. Password Yekutanga uye Kusimbiswa Kwekusasimba
Dambudziko rekare richiri kuitika kakawanda: mapassword ekugadzirisa data kubva kufekitori haachinjwe. Makamera mazhinji eIP, mahome routers, nezvimwe zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zvinotumirwa nemagwaro akadai se "admin/admin" kana musanganiswa uri nyore. Vanorwisa vanogona kuita mascan akawanda pa internet kuti vawane zvishandiso zvichiri kushandisa magwaro ekugadzirisa data.
Uyezve, mimwe michina haina kana nzira dzakasimba dzekusimbisa, dzakadai sekushaya rutsigiro rwemapassword akaomarara, muganho wemutengo, kana kuvimbika kwakavakirwa pazvitupa. Izvi zvinovhura mukana wekurwiswa nechisimba uye kutorwa kwemidziyo.
4. Zvishoma zveFirmware Updates uye Kupatsanurwa kweVatengesi
Nguva dzekushanda kwemidziyo yeIoT dzinowanzo kuve dzakareba, asi rutsigiro rwekuvandudza vatengesi haruwanzoenderana. Midziyo mizhinji haigamuchire zvidziviriro zvekuchengetedza nguva dzose, kana kuti maitiro ekuvandudza akaoma kune vashandisi. Uyezve, ecosystem yeIoT yakakamurwa zvakanyanya: mazana evatengesi, akasiyana-siyana emachipsets, masisitimu akasiyana ekushanda, uye maprotocol akasiyana-siyana. Kukamurwa uku kunoomesa kurongeka kwekuchengetedza uye manejimendi yekuvandudza.
Mimwe midziyo haina nzira yekuvandudza mafambiro emhepo (OTA). Kana paine dambudziko, mhinduro chete inogona kunge iri yekutsiva mudziyo wacho. Kana mudziyo wacho ukashandiswa zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, ma sensor eguta akangwara), mutengo nekuoma kwezvinhu zvinokwira zvakanyanya.
5. Kusagadzikana muMitemo neKutaurirana
Midziyo yeIoT inotaurirana ichishandisa maprotocol akasiyana-siyana, akadai seMQTT, CoAP, Zigbee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth Low Energy, uye Wi-Fi. Maprotocol ese anogona kunge asina kunaka kana akasagadziriswa zvakanaka kana kushandiswa nenzira isina kuchengetedzeka. Semuenzaniso:
- MQTT inoshanda isina TLS inobvumira kuteererwa kwedata uye kutora chikamu chekutaurirana.
- Bluetooth isina kurongwa zvakanaka inogona kushandiswa kuti isvike isina mvumo kubva padyo.
- Zigbee ine matambudziko ane chekuita nekutonga makiyi uye njodzi yekuteerera kana encryption ikasaitwa nemazvo.
Pamusoro pezvo, data rinowanzo famba nepama network everuzhinji kana pa cloud. Pasina encryption kubva kumagumo kusvika kumagumo, data rakakosha senge nzvimbo, maitiro ekugara, kana data rehutano rinogona kubuda pachena.
6. Njodzi dzekuchengetedzwa kweruzivo uye Kuunganidzwa kwedata kwakawandisa
IoT haisi nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwesystem chete, asiwo nezvekuchengetedzwa kweruzivo rwevanhu. Midziyo mizhinji inounganidza ruzivo nezvemaitiro evashandisi: kana munhu ari kumba, maitiro ekurara, nzira dzekufamba, uye kunyange kurekodha manzwi. Ruzivo urwu runokosha kune vanorwisa nevamwe vari kutsvaga kuteverwa kana kugadziriswa.
Dambudziko riripo nderekujekesa uye kutonga. Vashandisi havawanzo kuziva kuti data ripi rinounganidzwa, rinochengetwa sei, uye kuti rinogovaniswa naani. Kunyangwe kana data rakachengetwa zvakachengeteka mugore, kuchine njodzi yekubuda kwedata kubva kumupi webasa kana nekuda kwekusagadziriswa zvakanaka.
7. Mabhoti eIoT uye Kurwiswa kweDDoS
Imwe yemigumisiro inoonekwa zvikuru yekusasimba kwekuchengetedzwa kweIoT ndeyekubuda kwemabotnets, akadai seMirai ane mukurumbira, ayo anorwisa zvishandiso zveIoT nemapassword ekare uye obva aashandisa kuita kurwiswa kweDistributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Mabotnets eIoT anogona kuva nemazana ezviuru emidziyo ye "zombie", inoshanda vasina ruzivo rwevaridzi vayo.
Kurwiswa kweDDoS kubva kumabotnets eIoT kunogona kukanganisa masevhisi akakosha, mawebhusaiti makuru, uye kunyange zvivakwa zvenetwork. Nekuti zvishandiso zveIoT zvinopararira munyika dzakawanda uye zviri zvevanhu vazhinji, kuteverwa nekudzikiswa kwacho kwakaoma.
8. Kubatanidzwa neCritical Systems neOT (Operational Technology)
Muchikamu chemaindasitiri, IoT inowanzo batanidzwa neOT systems, dzakadai seSCADA systems, PLCs, uye factory control networks. Kubatanidzwa uku kunovandudza kushanda zvakanaka, asi kana kusina kugadzirwa zvakanaka, kunogona kuvhura nzira dzekurwiswa kubva kune IT network kuenda kune OT network. Kukanganisa uku kunopfuura kuburitswa kwedata uye kunogona kutungamira mukukanganiswa kwekushanda, kukundikana kwemuchina, uye kunyange njodzi dzekuchengetedza.
Dambudziko nderekuti masisitimu mazhinji ekare eOT haana kugadzirwa kuti abatanidzwe paindaneti. Kana zvishandiso zvemazuva ano zveIoT zvakaiswa munzvimbo dzekare, zvinogona kukonzera kusawirirana kwekuchengetedza, kusabatana kwenetwork, uye matambudziko ekutarisa.
9. Kusaonekwa uye Kutarisirwa Kwezvinhu
Masangano anowanzo shaya runyorwa rwakakwana rwemidziyo yeIoT yakaiswa. Mimwe midziyo inotengwa nemayuniti chaiwo, inoiswa nevatengesi, kana kushandiswa kwenguva pfupi yozokanganikwa. Pasina kuonekwa uku, midziyo isina kutarisirwa inova dambudziko. Dambudziko iri rinowedzerwa nemidziyo ye "shadow IoT" inobatanidza pasina mvumo yechikwata chekuchengetedza.
Pasina hurongwa hwekutarisira midziyo, zvakaoma kushandisa mitemo yekuchengetedza yakaita sekuvandudza, kutenderedza marekodhi, kupatsanura, uye kutarisa traffic.
10. Zvinhu Zvinoita Vanhu Uye Kurongeka Kusina Kururama
Zviitiko zvakawanda zvekuchengetedza hazviitiki nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwakaoma kwehunyanzvi, asi nekuda kwekusagadziriswa zvakanaka. Vashandisi vekumba vanogona kuvhura makamera paindaneti vasina dziviriro. Vatungamiriri vesangano vanogona kugonesa maports asina basa, kushandisa zvitupa zvapera, kana kuchengeta makiyi eAPI munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa. Dzidzo yekuchengetedza uye maitiro akajairwa zvinowanzova shure kwekushandiswa kweIoT nekukurumidza.
Mhedziso
Kuchengetedzwa kwenetiweki yeIoT idambudziko rine mativi akawanda: rinosanganisira zvishandiso, network, clouds, protocols, management data, uye kunyange maitiro emushandisi. Nzvimbo yakakura yekurwiswa, kuwanikwa kwemidziyo mishoma, kusimbiswa kusina simba, kugadziriswa kushoma, uye kupatsanurwa kwevatengesi zvinoita kuti IoT ive panjodzi yekubatwa zvisina kunaka. Mhedzisiro yacho inogona kubva pakuba data, kukanganiswa kwebasa, uye kunyange kutyisidzira kuchengetedzeka muindasitiri.
Kuti tigadzirise matambudziko aya, nzira yekuchengetedza IoT inofanirwa kuve yakazara: kubva pakugadzira michina yakachengeteka uye kugadzirisa zviri nyore kwefirmware, encryption yakasimba, kupatsanurwa kwenetwork, kutariswa nguva dzose, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandisi. Nehurongwa hwakakodzera, IoT inogona kuramba ichipa mabhenefiti akakosha pasina kukanganisa kuchengetedzeka nekuvanzika.
Kana muchida, ndinogonawo kuwedzera chikamu che "maitiro ekuderedza" (semuenzaniso Zero Trust implementation yeIoT, zvitupa zvemidziyo, NAC, uye nzira dzakanakisisa dzekuparadzanisa VLAN) zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu: imba yakangwara, hofisi, kana indasitiri.
