Mabhenefiti eKeynesian Economic Theory
Dzidziso yehupfumi yeKeynesian, yakagadzirwa naJohn Maynard Keynes kuma1930, yave imwe yedzidziso dzehupfumi dzine simba guru munhoroondo. Mubhuku rake rakakosha, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936), Keynes akataura mazano ekuchinja akachinja kunzwisisa kwedu kwehupfumi hwenyika uye mashandiro emusika. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura simba redzidziso yehupfumi yeKeynesian uye kuti nei ichiramba ichikosha mukuongorora kwehupfumi nhasi.
1. Mhinduro kuDambudziko rezvehupfumi
Chimwe chezvakanakira zvikuru zvedzidziso yeKeynesian kugona kwayo kupa mhinduro kumatambudziko ekudzikira kwehupfumi nekuderera kwehupfumi. Dzidziso yeKeynesian isati yasvika, hupfumi hwaifungidzirwa kuti hunosvika pakuenzana kwega. Zvisinei, Kudzikira Kukuru kwehupfumi kwema1930 kwakaratidza kuti hupfumi hwaigona kubatwa mukudzikira kunozviramba. Keynes akataura kuti kana kudiwa kwese (kusanganiswa kwekushandiswa, mari, mari inoshandiswa nehurumende, uye zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika) kwakaderera, hurumende inofanira kupindira kuti iwedzere mari inoshandiswa uye kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi. Maitiro aya anobvumira hurumende kutora matanho ekudzivirira nekugadzirisa matambudziko ehupfumi.
2. Kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwehupfumi
Dzidziso yeKeynesian inosimbisa kukosha kwehurumende mukuwana kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwemari inowanikwa. Keynesianism inotsigira zvirongwa zvemagariro evanhu, mari inoshandiswa nehurumende yakatarisana nedzidzo, hutano, uye zvivakwa, uye mitemo yemitero inofambira mberi. Zvese izvi zvine chinangwa chekuvandudza hutano hwevanhu, kuderedza kusaenzana kwehupfumi, uye kuona kuti mabhenefiti ekukura kwehupfumi anosvika kune vakawanda. Ichi chinhu chakakosha pakugadzira nzanga yakabatana uye yakagadzikana.
3. Kusimbiswa pakushandiswa kwemari neHurumende
Kana vemabhizimisi akazvimirira vakatarisana nekudzikira kwekudyara nekushandisa mari, hurumende inogona kudzikamisa hupfumi nekuwedzera mari inoshandiswa neveruzhinji. Semuenzaniso, mari inoshandiswa nehurumende pamapurojekiti ezvivakwa haingounzi mabasa kwenguva pfupi chete asiwo inovandudza kushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi kwenguva refu. Mapurojekiti akakosha ezvivakwa akadai semigwagwa, mabhiriji, uye kutakurwa kwevanhu anowedzera kubereka uye kukura kwehupfumi hwese.
4. Mutemo weMari seChishandiso Chekudzikamisa Mari
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvakapihwa naKeynes kwaive kusimbisa kwake kushandiswa kwemutemo wezvemari senzira yekudzikamisa hupfumi. Hurumende inogona kuwedzera mari inoshandiswa uye kuderedza mitero panguva yekuderera kwehupfumi kuti isimudzire kukura kwehupfumi, uye zvakasiyana, kuderedza mari inoshandiswa uye kukwidza mitero munguva yekukura kwehupfumi kudzivirira hupfumi kuti husanyanya kupisa. Mutemo wezvemari wakarongeka zvakanaka unobvumira hurumende kutonga mamiriro ehupfumi uye kudzivirira kuchinja kwakanyanya.
5. Kudyidzana kweMari neMari yeMari
Dzidziso yeKeynesian inoratidzawo kukosha kwekudyidzana kuripo pakati pemutemo wezvemari nemutemo wezvemari. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, mabhanga makuru anodzora kukwira kwemitengo yemitengo uye anokanganisa mwero wemari kuburikidza nemutemo wemari. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mwero wemari inosvika zero (sezvinowanzoitika panguva yekuderera kukuru kwemitengo), kushanda kwemutemo wemari kunogona kuderedzwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, mutemo wemari unova wakakosha mukukurudzira kudiwa kwemari pamwe chete uye kubudisa hupfumi mukudzikira kwemitengo.
6. Kukunda Kushaya Basa
Kushaikwa kwemabasa idambudziko rakajairika muhupfumi hwemusika. Keynes akataura kuti huwandu hwekushaya mabasa hunogona kuramba hwakakwira pasina kupindira kwehurumende. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kudzikira kwekushandiswa kwemari nemhuri dzine hanya nezveramangwana uye nemakambani asina chokwadi nezvemikana yekuwana purofiti kwaizoderedza kudiwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Kupindira kwehurumende kuburikidza nemapurojekiti emabasa everuzhinji kana rubatsiro rwemari kunogona kubatsira kuderedza kushomeka kwemabasa uye kukurudzira vanhu kudzokera kumusika wemabasa.
7. Kukosha kweMutemo weUpfumi hwemazuva ano
Kunyangwe dzidziso yeKeynesian yakagadzirwa makore angangoita zana apfuura, misimboti yayo mikuru ichiri kukosha zvikuru. Dambudziko rezvemari repasi rose ra2008 muenzaniso wekushandiswa kwemisimboti yeKeynesian munguva pfupi yapfuura. Hurumende pasi rose dzakatora mitemo mikuru yekusimudzira mari kudzivirira hupfumi hwepasi rose kuti husanyure mudambudziko guru. Mapurogiramu aya ekukurudzira akabatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwepasi rose uye nekukurumidza kupora kwehupfumi.
8. Kuchinjika Mumamiriro Akasiyana-siyana Ehupfumi
Imwe mukana wedzidziso yeKeynesian ndeyekuti inogona kuchinjika. Inogona kugadziriswa kuti ienderane nemamiriro akasiyana-siyana ehupfumi nemamiriro enyika. Semuenzaniso, nyika dzichiri kusimukira dziri kutarisana nematambudziko ezvivakwa dzinogona kushandisa pfungwa dzeKeynesian kukurudzira mari inoshandiswa nehurumende pazvivakwa kuti kukurumidzise kukura kwehupfumi. Kusiyana neizvi, nyika dzakabudirira dziri kutarisana nekudzikira kwevanhu dzinogona kushandisa mitemo yeKeynesian kukurudzira kudyara mari muzvinhu zvitsva uye tekinoroji kuti iwedzere kubereka.
9. Kutsoropodzwa uye Kudzokororwa kweDzidziso Yekare
Dzidziso yekare yaitenda mukusaita zvinhu zvisina kunaka uye misika yakasununguka inokwanisa kuwana kuenzana pasina kupindira kwehurumende. Keynesianism yakatsoropodza maonero aya, ichiti hupfumi hahusviki pahumwe chete hwakakodzera. Kudiwa kwese kunoita basa rakakosha mukuona huwandu hwezvinobuda uye huwandu hwemabasa. Kuongorora uku kwakagadzira nzira yekunzwisisa kutsva kwehupfumi kwaive kwechokwadi uye kunoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enyika.
10. Kuvandudzwa kweDzidziso Itsva yezvehupfumi
Dzidziso yeKeynesian yave hwaro hwekuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yezvehupfumi hukuru. Nyanzvi zhinji dzezvehupfumi dzemazuva ano dzakagadzira nekubatanidza maonero eKeynesian nedzimwe dzidziso kuti vagadzire zvikoro zvitsva zvepfungwa, zvakaita seNew Keynesian Economics. Nzira iyi inoedza kusanganisa Keynesian macroeconomics neneoclassical microeconomics, zvichikonzera muenzaniso wakazara uye unoshanda wekuongorora mutemo wehupfumi wemazuva ano.
11. Kugadzirisa Kukanganiswa Kwehupfumi Nedenda reCOVID-19
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, denda reCOVID-19 rakaratidza kukosha kwedzidziso yeKeynesian mudambudziko repasi rose. Nyika zhinji dzakatora mitemo mikuru yekusimudzira mari yekutsigira mabhizinesi nemhuri dzakakanganiswa nedenda iri. Mari yakawanda inoshandiswa nehurumende kugadzirisa matambudziko ehutano nehupfumi yave nzira yakakosha yekuchengetedza kugadzikana kwehupfumi. Keynesianism inopa hurongwa hwakakosha hwekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwehupfumi hwepasi rose.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso yehupfumi yeKeynesian ine zvakanakira zvakawanda, zvinosanganisira kugona kwayo kupindura matambudziko ehupfumi, kukurudzira kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwehupfumi, kushandisa mutemo wezvemari sechishandiso chekudzikamisa, uye kukosha kwayo mukugadzirisa nyaya dzehupfumi dzemazuva ano. Kunyangwe yakagadzirwa makore anoda kusvika zana apfuura, misimboti yekutanga yedzidziso iyi ichiri kushanda uye inoshandiswa nanhasi. Nekuchinjika kwayo uye kugona kwayo kuchinjika, dzidziso yeKeynesian inoramba iri hwaro hwakakosha hwekuongorora hupfumi hwepasi rose nemutemo.
